Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

Categories: Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids Carbohydrates Biological Compounds

Principle Elements Ratio of Various Elements Special Functional Groups

Hydroxyl ( -OH ) Carboxyl ( -COOH ) Carbonyl (C=O) OHCO C O OH Alcohols Aldehydes, Ketones Carboxylic acids N H H AminesAmino ( -NH 2 )

Phosphate ( -H 2 PO 4 ) O H P O O H O SH Sulfhydryl ( -SH) Organic phosphates Thiols

Monomer Subunits that serve as building blocks Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers Covalent bonding occurs Solubility in Water

Monomer Polymer

Monomers HHO H H2OH2O

C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O

Monomers HHO H2OH2O

C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6

Principle Elements: C, H, & O H:O = 2:1 Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH) Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides Water Soluble

Energy Metabolism Structural Components Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition

Chemical Formulas C 6 H 12 O 6

Chemical Formulas C 5 H 10 O 5 C 5 H 10 O 4 deoxyribose

Maltose Sucrose glucose + fructose glucose + glucose Lactose glucose + galactose

glycogen

Principle Elements: C, H, & O Some With P & N H:O >>> 2:1 Diverse Group of Biological Molecules Water Insoluble

Energy Storage Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs Structural Components of Membranes Chemical Messengers (hormones)

Triglycerides (neutral fats) Phospholipids Sterols Waxes Vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Glycerol Fatty Acid

Glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated with H + Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter Solid at room temp

Has one or more double bonds between carbons Most vegetable fats Liquid at room temp

Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails

cholesterol

Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl Triglycerides: mg/dl HDL: >35 LDL: <130 Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5 indicates heart disease

Family history of vascular disease High levels of blood cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Hypertension Obesity

Eat healthy Exercise Lose wt. Quit smoking 1 glass wine or beer Medication Surgery

Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N Monomers: Amino Acids Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins Generally Water Soluble

Functional Groups of Amino Acids Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) Amine (-NH 2 ) R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)

Enzymes Structural Proteins Chemical Messengers (Hormones) Contractile Antibodies

Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure

Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Levels of Protein Structure Alpha helix H-Bonds Secondary structure: Beta Pleated sheet NH 3 LeuCysValAspPheCOO

Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)

Central carbonHydrogen atom Variable R group Amino group Carboxyl group N H H R CC H O OH

Condensation reaction: + Carboxyl group of one aa Amino group of another aa Peptide bond

Enzymatic reactions are affected by: Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc. Catalysts- speed up a reaction Not used up by reaction Decrease activation energy of a reaction (activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds)

Are very specific for their substrate Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds) Compatible fit between the shape of the substrate and the shape of the active site Lock and key Specificity of enzyme:

The Functioning of Enzymes

Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & P Monomers: Nucleotides Polymers: Nucleic Acids Generally Water Soluble

Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

Genetic Instruction Set (DNA) Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA) Energy Metabolism (ATP)

Nucleotide Structure Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen Base

Nucleotide Bases Purines adenine guanine NlHNlH N HC O H N N N NH 2 H2NH2N N N N CH

Nucleotide Bases Pyrimidines cytosine uracilthymine H N O N O H-NH-N NH 2 NlNl H NlNl H NlNl H CH 3 O=CO=C O O H H

Polymers made up of individual nucleotides Nucleotides contain Phosphate group Five carbon sugar Ring shaped nitrogen base DNA contains information for almost all cell activities

ATP

Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism ATP  ADP + P i + Energy

Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism

INQUIRY 1.Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. 2.Where are phospholipids found? 3.Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids? 4.Name a polysaccharide used to store energy. 5.Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.