Single Photon Counting Detectors for Submillimeter Astrophysics: Concept and Electrical Characterization John Teufel Department of Physics Yale University.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Single Electron Devices Single-electron Transistors
Advertisements

Technological issues of superconducting charge qubits Oleg Astafiev Tsuyoshi Yamamoto Yasunobu Nakamura Jaw-Shen Tsai Dmitri Averin NEC Tsukuba - SUNY.
Noise Measurements W vs. T bath & Thermal Conductance Measurements NEP measurements at T bath = 311 mK for V BIAS = 1  V with predicted noise levels for.
LECTURE- 5 CONTENTS  PHOTOCONDUCTING MATERIALS  CONSTRUCTION OF PHOTOCONDUCTING MATERIALS  APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOCONDUCTING MATERIALS.
An Optical Receiver for Interplanetary Communications Jeremy Bailey.
Aluminium Kinetic Inductance Detectors at 1.54 THz limited by photon noise and generation-recombination noise Pieter de Visser, Jochem Baselmans, Juan.
1 SQUID and Josephson Devices By : Yatin Singhal.
Coherent Quantum Phase Slip Oleg Astafiev NEC Smart Energy Research Laboratories, Japan and The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Japan.
Semiconductor Light Detectors ISAT 300 Foundations of Instrumentation and Measurement D. J. Lawrence Spring 1999.
Detection Methods Coherent ↔ Incoherent Photon Detection ↔ Bolometric Photon Counting ↔ Integrating.
EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 11 From the movie Warriors of the Net Detectors.
Dark Current Measurements of a Submillimeter Photon Detector John Teufel Department of Physics Yale University Yale: Minghao Shen Andrew Szymkowiak Konrad.
Depts. of Applied Physics & Physics Yale University expt. K. Lehnert L. Spietz D. Schuster B. Turek Chalmers University K.Bladh D. Gunnarsson P. Delsing.
Danielle Boddy Durham University – Atomic & Molecular Physics group Laser locking to hot atoms.
1 Chapter 5 Sensors and Detectors A detector is typically the first stage of a communication system. Noise in this stage may have significant effects on.
Ultimate Cold-Electron Bolometer with Strong Electrothermal Feedback Leonid Kuzmin Chalmers University of Technology Bolometer Group Björkliden
The Shot Noise Thermometer
Microwave Spectroscopy of the radio- frequency Cooper Pair Transistor A. J. Ferguson, N. A. Court & R. G. Clark Centre for Quantum Computer Technology,
Fiber-Optic Communications
Mid-IR photon counting array using HgCdTe APDs and the Medipix2 ROIC
What NEC Did Engineered a two-state system Initialized the system Formed a superposition state Allowed the system to evolve Stopped the evolution Read.
1 Detectors RIT Course Number Lecture Single Element Detectors.
Oxford Astrophysics SIS Mixers Most common front-end element for mm and sub-mm coherent receivers Based on superconducting tunnel junction in planar superconducting.
An Electronic Primary Thermometer Based on Thermal Shot Noise Lafe Spietz K.W. Lehnert, R.J. Schoelkopf Department Of Applied Physics, Yale University.
The Shot Noise Thermometer Lafe Spietz, K.W. Lehnert, I. Siddiqi, R.J. Schoelkopf Department of Applied Physics, Yale University Thanks to: Michel Devoret,
Submicron structures 26 th January 2004 msc Condensed Matter Physics Photolithography to ~1 μm Used for... Spin injection Flux line dynamics Josephson.
Radio Telescopes. Jansky’s Telescope Karl Jansky built a radio antenna in –Polarized array –Study lightning noise Detected noise that shifted 4.

Fiber Optic Receiver A fiber optic receiver is an electro-optic device that accepts optical signals from an optical fiber and converts them into electrical.
McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Electronics Principles & Applications Seventh Edition Chapter 8 Large-Signal Amplifiers.
Principles & Applications Large-Signal Amplifiers
Superconducting Qubits Kyle Garton Physics C191 Fall 2009.
4/11/2006BAE Application of photodiodes A brief overview.
Photon detection Visible or near-visible wavelengths
3/26/2003BAE of 10 Application of photodiodes A brief overview.
LEKIDs effort in Italy Martino Calvo B-Pol workshop, IAP Paris, July.
References Hans Kuzmany : Solid State Spectroscopy (Springer) Chap 5 S.M. Sze: Physics of semiconductor devices (Wiley) Chap 13 PHOTODETECTORS Detection.
Why silicon detectors? Main characteristics of silicon detectors: Small band gap (E g = 1.12 V)  good resolution in the deposited energy  3.6 eV of deposited.
Development of Low Temperature Detector S.C. Kim (SNU, DMRC)
ConX – XEUS meeting Panu Helistö, Mikko Kiviranta Utrecht,
SQUIDs (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices)
April 2004 DiMarzio & McKnight, Northeastern University ECEG287 Optical Detection Course Notes Part 19: Conclusion Profs. Charles A. DiMarzio.
Detector development and physics studies in high energy physics experiments Shashikant Dugad Department of High Energy Physics Review, 3-9 Jan 2008.
10/26/20151 Observational Astrophysics I Astronomical detectors Kitchin pp
References Hans Kuzmany : Solid State Spectroscopy (Springer) Chap 5 S.M. Sze Physics of semiconductor devices (Wiley) Chap 13 PHOTODETECTORS.
1 Adam Woodcraft SUPA, University of Edinburgh Instrumentation for sub-mm astronomy.
Electrical characterization of a superconducting hot spot microbolometer S.Cibella, R. Leoni, G. Torrioli, M. G. Castellano, A. Coppa, F. Mattioli IFN-CNR,
Noise and decoherence in the Josephson Charge Qubits Oleg Astafiev, Yuri Pashkin, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Yasunobu Nakamura, Jaw-Shen Tsai RIKEN Frontier Research.
PICO-group SAB presentation, Nov 9, 2006, Jukka Pekola Dr. Alexander Savin senior scientist Dr. Matthias Meschke research scientist Dr. Juha Vartiainen.
Development of an Antenna-coupled Al Superconducting Tunnel Junction for a detection of cosmic microwave background B-mode polarization H. Ishino 4, M.
Spin Readout with Superconducting Circuits April 27 th, 2011 N. Antler R. Vijay, E. Levenson-Falk, I. Siddiqi.
Radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET) as a fast charge and position sensor 11/01/2005.
C03 High speed photon number resolving detector with titanium transition edge sensors Daiji Fukuda, Go Fujii, R.M.T. Damayanthi, Akio Yoshizawa, Hidemi.
Jan 2004 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University b-1 ECEG287 Optical Detection Course Notes Part 3: Noise and Photon Detection Profs. Charles A.
Single photon counting detector for THz radioastronomy. D.Morozov 1,2, M.Tarkhov 1, P.Mauskopf 2, N.Kaurova 1, O.Minaeva 1, V.Seleznev 1, B.Voronov 1 and.
Page 1 Science Payload and Advanced Concepts Office STJs as Photon Detectors.
Sid Nb device fabrication Superconducting Nb thin film evaporation Evaporate pure Nb to GaAs wafer and test its superconductivity (T c ~9.25k ) Tc~2.5K.
Optical Receivers Theory and Operation
Measuring Quantum Coherence in the Cooper-Pair Box
Demonstration of a Far-IR Detector for Space Imaging Principal Investigators: C. Darren Dowell (326), Jonas Zmuidzinas (Caltech) Co-Investigators: Peter.
STATUS OF R&D AT UCSB Paul Szypryt Mazin Lab August 26, 2013.
Superconductivity, Josephson Junctions, and squids
Microwave SQUID multiplexer for the readout of large MMC arrays
Optical coupling of SC nanosensors for THz frequencies
Circuit QED Experiment
Beam Measurement Characterization and Optics Tolerance Analysis of a 900 GHz HEB receiver for the ASTE telescope Alvaro Gonzalez, K. Kaneko, Y. Uzawa.
Lock-in amplifiers
Strong Coupling of a Spin Ensemble to a Superconducting Resonator
Noise I Abigail Firme.
Why silicon detectors? Main characteristics of silicon detectors:
Presentation transcript:

Single Photon Counting Detectors for Submillimeter Astrophysics: Concept and Electrical Characterization John Teufel Department of Physics Yale University Yale: Minghao Shen Andrew Szymkowiak Konrad Lehnert Daniel Prober Rob Schoelkopf NASA/GSFC Thomas Stevenson Carl Stahle Ed Wollack Harvey Moseley Funding from NASA Explorer Tech., JPL, GSFC

Overview Types of detectors Noise and sensitivity in detectors What is the Submillimeter? The “SQPC” – a high-sensitivity sub-mm detector Dark currents and predicted sensitivities of SQPC Time scales and saturation effects Future Work

Types of Detectors Coherent Measures Amplitude & Phase For Narrow-band Signals Sensitivity given in Noise Temperature [K] Adds a 1/2 photon of noise per mode Minimum Noise Temperature: T Q =hf/2k Example: a mixer Incoherent Measures only Amplitude For Broad-band Signals Sensitivity given by NEP [W/rt(Hz)] No fundamental noise limit on detector Ideally limited only by photon statistics of signal or background Example: a photomultiplier

Wien Raleigh- Jeans Average occupancy per mode In the Wien limit: 1/2 photon per mode of noise is unacceptable! When to Use an Incoherent Detector bb

Photon Counting in Optical PMTPhotons Signal Source Background Radiation N tot =(n  + n dark )  t  N tot = n background +n source n dark Rate of detector false counts n  =Rate of incoming photons

Photons Direct Detection with Photoconductor Bandpass Filter, B Background Radiation, e.g. CMB, Atmosphere... Signal Source Typical V

Infrared What is the Sub-Millimeter?

How Many Photons in the Sub-mm “Dark?” 3 K blackbody 10 % BW single-mode Photon-counting (background) limit: see e.g. SPECS mission concept, Mather et al., astro-ph/ Future NASA projects need NEP’s < W/rt(Hz) in sub-mm ! NEP ~ h (n  ) 1/2

The SQPC: Single Quasiparticle Photon Counter Antenna-coupled Superconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ) Photoconductor direct detector Each Photon with excites 2 quasiparticles Nb antenna Al absorber (Au) ~ 1 mm STJ detector junction sub-mm photon AuNbAl AlO x Responsivity = 2e/photon = e/  = 5000A/W

Incident photons converted to current Lower I dark => Higher sensitivity What is measured Nb antenna (Au) STJ detector junction sub-mm photon Ultimate Sensitivity V Current readout should not add noise to measurement FET or RF-SET should have noise RF-SET is fast and scalable PhotocurrentDark current

Integration of RF Circuits, SETs, and sub-mm Detectors 16 lithographic tank circuits on one chip one of four e-beam fields, with SETs and SQPC detectors, and bow-tie antenna

Sensitivity and Charge Sharing with Amplifier Q ~ 1000 e - C STJ ~ 250 fF C SET ~ 1/2 fF FET (2SK152; 1.1 nV, 20 pF) RF-SET (30 nV, ½ fF) Either FET or SET can readout Fano limit, But only SET is scalable for > readouts 0.15 e/rt(Hz)1 x e/rt(Hz) Collects all chargeCollects C SET /C STJ ~ 0.2% still ~ 3 times better

Experimental Set-up and Testing Small area junctions fabricated using double angle evaporation 1µm1µm Bow Tie Antenna Detector 140 µm Device mounted in pumped He 3 cryostat (T~250mK)

Fig. 2. (a) SQPC detector strip and tunnel junctions are located between two halves of a niobium bow-tie antenna for coupling to submillimeter radiation. A gold quasiparticle trap is included here in the wiring to just one of two dual detector SQUIDs. (b) Close-up view of detector strip and tunnel junctions made by double- angle deposition of aluminum through a resist mask patterned by electron beam lithography. Pairs of junctions form dc SQUIDs, and critical currents can be suppressed with an appropriately tuned external magnetic field. 1 µm junction detector strip SQUID loop quasiparticle trap antenna

Al/AlOx/Al Junctions: ~ 60 x 100 nm X B Detector Junctions form a SQUID Supercurrent Suppression

Supercurrent Contributions to Dark Current Supercurrent Cooper pair tunneling affects the subgap current both at zero and finite voltages DC Josephson effect: AC Josephson effect: Z en I c sin(  J t) V Z en SQPC RF PowerDC Power * *Holst et al, PRL 1994

Magnetic Field Dependence of Sub-gap Current

BCS Predictions for Dark Current T=1.6 K T=250 mK  { } eV

Thermal Dark Current Measurements BCS Predicts: Tc =1.4 K 50  V Current [pA] Voltage [µV]

Recombination and Tunneling Times absorber lead (large volume) sub-mm x-ray V abs RNRN  tunnel 1000  m  m 3 ½  2  s 50 k  2  s V abs  thermal  recomb ~ 100  0.26 K  tunnel ~ V abs R N  tunnel <<  recomb so quantum efficiency is high at low power: False count rate = I dark /e = 3 MHz for ½ pA

Saturation: Recombination vs. Tunneling Current Power (P) I dark (or photon rate, N  ) Noise N  ~ I d /e  rec ~  tunn N sat ~ (  th /  tun ) I d /e P sat ~ 0.02 pW; scales as 1/R N Absorber gap reduced by excess q.p.’s I ~ P NEP ~ P 1/2 NEP ~ P 1/4 I ~ P 1/2

Demonstration of an RF-SET Transimpedance Amplifier Trim gate Input gate 0.5 fF

Electrical Circuit Model and Noise Shot Noise Johnson Noise Amplifier Noise V RbRb enen SQPC

Problem: Need to couple known amount of sub-mm radiation to detector Solution: Use blackbody radiation from a heat source in the cryostat Future Work: Detecting Photons

Cryogenic Blackbody as Sub-mm Photon Source 1 cm V Hopping conduction thermistor Micro-machined Si for low thermal conduction

Coming Soon: Photoresponse Measurement T= 1-10K T= 250 mK Quartz Window Si Chip with SQPC

Advantages of SQPC Fundamental limit on noise = shot noise of dark current Low dark currents imply NEP’s < W / rt.Hz High quantum efficiency – absorber matched to antenna High speed – limited by tunneling time ~  sec Can read out with FET, but SET might resolve single  ’s Small size and power (few  m 2 and pW/channel) Scalable for arrays w/ integrated readout

Summary When hf>kT bb, a photon counter is preferred In the sub-mm, no such detector exists The SQPC would be a sub-mm detector with unprecedented sensitivity Contributions to detector noise have been measured and are well-understood Photocurrent measurements in near future