The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. Head Neural plate Tail 1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. Pg 475

The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural Neural folds Neural groove The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove, flanked by neural folds. 2 Pg 475

Neural fold cells migrate to form the neural crest, which will form much of the PNS and many other structures. 3 Pg 475

The neural groove becomes the neural tube, which Head Surface ectoderm Neural tube Tail The neural groove becomes the neural tube, which will form CNS structures. 4 Pg 475

Neocortex Mammalian Emotion Primitive brain Reflexes Pg 429 (a) Neural tube (b) Primary brain vesicles (c) Secondary brain vesicles (d) Adult brain structures (e) Adult neural canal regions Neocortex Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Lateral ventricles Telencephalon Mammalian Anterior (rostral) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Emotion Diencephalon Third ventricle Mesencephalon (midbrain) Cerebral aqueduct Mesencephalon Brain stem: midbrain Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Metencephalon Brain stem: pons Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Myelencephalon Brain stem: medulla oblongata Primitive brain Reflexes Posterior (caudal) Spinal cord Central canal Pg 429

Anterior (rostral) Posterior (caudal) Metencephalon Mesencephalon Midbrain Diencephalon Flexures Cervical Telencephalon Spinal cord Myelencephalon (a) Week 5 Pg 430

Outline of diencephalon Cerebral hemisphere Outline of diencephalon Midbrain Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (b) Week 13 Pg 430

Cerebral hemisphere Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (c) Week 26 Pg 430

Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata (d) Birth 3 Lbs. Gelatinous mass Pg 430

Anterior Longitudinal Frontal lobe fissure Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Parietal lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe (c) Posterior Cerebrum Pg 432

. Commissural fibers (corpus Longitudinal fissure callosum) Superior Lateral ventricle Association fibers Basal nuclei • Caudate Corona radiata • Putamen • Globus pallidus Fornix 2 mm True dendrites and cell bodies Convoluted Internal capsule Thalamus Gray matter/Cortex Third ventricle White matter Projection fibers Pons Decussation of pyramids Medulla oblongata (a) Pg 438

Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Fissure Spinal cord (a deep sulcus) Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus-Shallow groove White matter (a) Pg 432

-sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas 2 Primary motor cortex 10 3 Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex 4 Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex 5 Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) 11 Taste 1 Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) 8 Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex 12 Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems 13 Auditory association area 7 Hearing Primary auditory cortex 6 (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Angular Gyrus Gnostic Area -sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434

. -Voluntary -Skeletal Muscle -Spacial Discrete Motor Control Posterior -Voluntary -Skeletal Muscle -Spacial Motor Sensory Motor map in precentral gyrus Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Discrete Motor Control Toes Genitals Jaw Tongue Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal Swallowing -Facilitory Impulses -Contralateral -Damage 435

-sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas 2 Primary motor cortex 10 3 Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex 4 Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex L 5 Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Motor aphasia Gustatory cortex (in insula) 11 Taste 1 Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) 8 Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex 12 Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems 13 Auditory association area 7 Hearing Primary auditory cortex 6 (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Angular Gyrus Gnostic Area -sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434

-sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas 2 Primary motor cortex 10 3 Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex 4 Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex 5 Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) 11 Taste 1 Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) 8 Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex 12 Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems 13 Auditory association area 7 Hearing Primary auditory cortex 6 (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Angular Gyrus Gnostic Area -sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434

-Hear what you see -See what you hear Primary Motor Cortex Puts words in order Fluent Aphasia (Word Salad) Agraphia Alexia

Pg 434 Cingulate gyrus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Central sulcus Corpus callosum Primary somatosensory cortex Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Somatosensory association cortex Prefrontal cortex Parieto-occipital sulcus Occipital lobe Processes emotions related to personal and social interactions Visual association area Orbitofrontal cortex Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Primary visual cortex Fornix Temporal lobe Uncus Calcarine sulcus Primary olfactory cortex Parahippocampal gyrus (b) Parasagittal view, right hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Pg 434

-sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas 2 Primary motor cortex 10 3 Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex 4 Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex 5 Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) 11 Taste 1 Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) 8 Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex 12 Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems 13 Auditory association area 7 Hearing Primary auditory cortex 6 (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Angular Gyrus Gnostic Area -sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434

-Determines kind and strength of sensation -Projects -Damage Posterior -contralateral -Locates -Determines kind and strength of sensation -Projects -Damage Motor Sensory Motor map in precentral gyrus Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Toes Genitals Jaw Tongue Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal Swallowing Pg 435

-sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas 2 Primary motor cortex 10 3 Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex 4 Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex 5 Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) 11 Taste 1 Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) 8 Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex 12 damage Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems 13 Auditory association area 7 Hearing Primary auditory cortex 6 (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Angular Gyrus Gnostic Area -sensory to prefrontal cortex Pg 434

Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Longitudinal fissure Superior Lateral ventricle Association fibers Basal nuclei (Ganglia) • Caudate Corona radiata • Putamen • Globus pallidus Fornix Internal capsule Thalamus Gray matter Third ventricle White matter Projection fibers Pons -Medulla -White Matter -Myelinated axons -Oligodendrocytes Decussation of pyramids Medulla oblongata (a) Pg 438

Fibers of corona radiata Caudate nucleus Thalamus Lentiform Tail of • Putamen • Globus pallidus (deep to putamen) Tail of caudate nucleus Corpus striatum Substantia Nigra Inh. Projection fibers run deep to lentiform nucleus -Control of large, skilled movements -Smooth, orderly movement -Too little dopamine= Parkinson’s Disease Pg 442

4 Ventricles and spinal canal Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Anterior horn Posterior horn Inferior horn Interventricular foramen Lateral aperture Median aperture Third ventricle Inferior horn Lateral aperture Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal (a) Anterior view (b) Left lateral view Support Pg 431

Diencephalon (mammalian brain) Pg 440 Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Relay center Interven- tricular foramen Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Mid- brain Hypothalamus Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Pituitary gland Fourth ventricle Mammillary body Choroid plexus Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Diencephalon (mammalian brain) Pg 440

Figure 12.15c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple). Thalamus View (c) Diencephalon Midbrain • Superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina of tectum • Inferior colliculus • Trochlear nerve (IV) Pineal gland • Superior cerebellar peduncle Pons • Middle cerebellar peduncle Medulla oblongata Anterior wall of fourth ventricle • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Facial nerve (VII) • Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Choroid plexus (fourth ventricle) • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) • Vagus nerve (X) • Accessory nerve (XI) Dorsal median sulcus Thalamus Dorsal root of first cervical nerve Diencephalon Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Brainstem (c) Dorsal view Medulla oblongata Pg 445

structures of the diencephalon. Dorsal nuclei -Clusters of cell bodies -Relays all sensory (except smell) and most motor -Gets a crude determination Medial Lateral dorsal Lateral posterior Pulvinar Anterior nuclear group Medial geniculate body hearing Reticular nucleus Lateral geniculate body vision Ventral postero- lateral Ventral anterior Ventral lateral General senses Ventral nuclei (a) The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.) Pg 442

Diencephalon (mammalian brain) Pg 440 Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Relay center Interven- tricular foramen Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Mid- brain Hypothalamus Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Pituitary gland Fourth ventricle Mammillary body Choroid plexus Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Diencephalon (mammalian brain) Pg 440

SAD

Diencephalon (mammalian brain) Pg 440 Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Relay center Interven- tricular foramen Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Mid- brain Hypothalamus Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Pituitary gland Fourth ventricle Mammillary body Choroid plexus Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Diencephalon (mammalian brain) Pg 440

structures of the diencephalon. Homeostasis -blood sugar (hunger) -Water (thirst) -Hormones -ANS -Body temp structures of the diencephalon. Paraventricular nucleus -Sends axons to spinal cord and pit gland Anterior commissure Dorsomedial nucleus Fornix Preoptic nucleus Posterior hypothalamic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Lateral hypothalamic area Supraoptic nucleus Ventromedial nucleus Supra- chiasmatic nucleus Mammillary body Arcuate nucleus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Infundibulum (stalk of the pituitary gland) Rage, Aggression, Sexual responses (b) The main hypothalamic nuclei. Pg 442

Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus. 1 Hypothalamus Hypothalamic neuron cell bodies Superior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal portal system Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. 2 • Primary capillary plexus infundibulum • Hypophyseal portal veins • Secondary capillary plexus Anterior lobe of pituitary Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the secondary capillary plexus. 3 glandular TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL (b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus Pg 601

Inferior hypophyseal artery Neurosecretory cells Hypothalamic neurons synthesize oxytocin and ADH. 1 Paraventricular nucleus Hypothalamus Supraoptic nucleus Oxytocin and ADH are transported along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary. 2 Optic chiasma Infundibulum (connecting stalk) Inferior hypophyseal artery Hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract Oxytocin and ADH are stored in axon terminals in the posterior pituitary. 3 Axon terminals Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when hypothalamic neurons fire. 4 Posterior lobe of pituitary Oxytocin ADH (a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus Pg 600

Cerebral peduncles -projection fibers Brain Stem Pg 440 Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Interven- tricular foramen Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Mid- brain Hypothalamus Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Pituitary gland Fourth ventricle Mammillary body Choroid plexus Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral peduncles -projection fibers Brain Stem Pg 440

Figure 12.15c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple). Thalamus View (c) Diencephalon Midbrain Vision • Superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina of tectum • Inferior colliculus Hearing • Trochlear nerve (IV) Pineal gland • Superior cerebellar peduncle Pons • Middle cerebellar peduncle Medulla oblongata Anterior wall of fourth ventricle • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Facial nerve (VII) • Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Choroid plexus (fourth ventricle) • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) • Vagus nerve (X) • Accessory nerve (XI) Dorsal median sulcus Thalamus Dorsal root of first cervical nerve Diencephalon Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Brainstem (c) Dorsal view Medulla oblongata Pg 444

Projection, back-up resp. Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Interven- tricular foramen Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Mid- brain Hypothalamus Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Pituitary gland Fourth ventricle Mammillary body Projection, back-up resp. Choroid plexus Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Hindbrain Brain Stem Pg 440

Primary Motor Cortex Vestibular apparatus Speed & Direction of movement -Dysmetria -Intention tremor -Rebound phenomenon -Robot movement Coordinates skeletal muscle activity

Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Pons Fourth ventricle Controls reflex activity for survival -Cardiac center, vasomotor, MRC (breathing), vomiting, salivation, swallowing -Cross over of neurons Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Pons Fourth ventricle Posterior lobe Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe Choroid plexus (a) Pg 448

Clicker Question: Identify which of the following statements about the brain are true. 1. The superior colliculi are involved in hearing reflexes. 2. The major relay station for sensory and motor input is the hypothalamus. 3. Fibers that connect areas of the cortex within the same hemisphere are known as association fibers. 4. The Broca’s area would help you to understand what is being communicated to you. 5. A major function of the basal ganglia (nuclei) is to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity. A. 1,3,5 B. 2,3,5, C. 3,5 D. 2,3,4

RAS: Reticular Activating System Radiations to cerebral cortex 1% Alert Signals -Inhibited by sleep center (hypo) -Damage 99% Filtered Visual impulses Auditory impulses Reticular formation Descending motor projections to spinal cord Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Pg 452

The Limbic System -Primitive Emotions & Instincts -Memory Formation and Recall Fiber tracts connecting limbic system structures Septum pellucidum Diencephalic structures of the limbic system Corpus callosum •Fornix •Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle) •Anterior commissure Cerebral struc- tures of the limbic system •Hypothalamus •Mammillary body •Cingulate gyrus •Septal nuclei •Amygdala Hippocampus -short-term -NE & serotonin -Damage (anterograde amnesia) -Recall •Hippocampus •Dentate gyrus •Parahippocampal gyrus Olfactory bulb Amygdala -Strong emotion -Long term -Response Pg 449

Amygdala -strong emotions Hippocampus Nucleus Basalis Outside stimuli General and special sensory receptors Afferent inputs Temporary storage (buffer) in cerebral cortex Data permanently lost Amygdala -strong emotions Data selected for transfer Automatic memory Forget Hippocampus Short-term memory (STM) Forget Nucleus Basalis (Basal Forebrain) Data transfer influenced by: Retrieval Excitement /Vivid Rehearsal /Repeated Association of old and new data /Relevant Long-term memory (LTM) Data unretrievable Cortex Pg 456

Alzheimer’s Disease Aluminum Alzheimer’s Disease Aluminum? Neurofibrillary Tangles Beta-amyloid plaques Test?

Meninges Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Dura mater Meningeal Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Pia mater Subdural space Arachnoid villus Serous fl. Blood vessel Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) CSF Dural sinuses -contain blood &CSF -Transverse F. Longitudinal F. Cerebellum Continue down to cover spinal cord Pg 459

Pg 461 Superior sagittal sinus Choroid plexus Arachnoid villus Interventricular foramen Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 3 Third ventricle CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle. 1 Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord. 2 Median aperture 2 Central canal of spinal cord CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 3 (a) CSF circulation CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4 Pg 461

150 ml/6-8 hours -Protection -Buoyancy -Stability -Nutrition Ependymal cells Capillary Section of choroid plexus Connective tissue of pia mater Wastes and unnecessary solutes absorbed CSF forms as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.) Cavity of ventricle (b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses Pg 461

Hydrocephaly, Meningitis Superior sagittal sinus 4 Choroid plexus Arachnoid villus Interventricular foramen Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 3 Third ventricle CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle. 1 Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord. 2 Median aperture 2 Central canal of spinal cord CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 3 (a) CSF circulation CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4 Hydrocephaly, Meningitis Pg 461

Figure 12.27 Hydrocephalus in a newborn. Pg 462