Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman Founding Director ( ), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (

Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Specify users and tasks Predict and measure Predict and measure ] time to learn ] speed of performance ] rate of human errors  human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Accommodate individual differences Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context Consider social, organizational & cultural context

Design Issues Input devices & strategies ] ] Keyboards, pointing devices, voice ] ] Direct manipulation ] ] Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats ] ] Screens, windows, color, sound ] ] Text, tables, graphics ] ] Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com

Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students Teachers, Students

Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Doctors Surgeons Surgeons Researchers Researchers Students Students

NASA Environmental Data Scientists Scientists Farmers Farmers Land planners Land planners Students Students

Bureau of Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students Teachers, Students

NSF Digital Government Initiative Find what you need Find what you need Understand what you Find Understand what you Find UMd & UNC

Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci ( )

Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Visual bandwidth is enormous ] ] Human perceptual skills are remarkable X X Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... X X Color, size, shape, proximity... ] ] Human image storage is fast and vast Opportunities ] ] Spatial layouts & coordination ] ] Information visualization ] ] Scientific visualization & simulation ] ] Telepresence & augmented reality ] ] Virtual environments

Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

Current Research - TimeSearcher Time series ] ] Stocks ] ] Weather ] ] Genes User-specified patterns Rapid search

Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop

An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Renaissance Man Combined science & art Combined science & art Integrated engineering & esthetics Integrated engineering & esthetics Balanced technology advances & human values Balanced technology advances & human values Merged visionary & practical Merged visionary & practical

Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

1) Usable: Ending User Frustration Goal - make computer usage less frustrating Identify top ten frustrations Measure severity & frequency in lost time Determine if the situation is improving Related areas Errors Time delays Emotional reactions

1) Frequent frustrating experiences Networking & Web

Application & System Crashes 1) Frequent frustrating experiences

1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (64 UMD & 47 Towson) Pre-session survey: demographic information computer experience and attitudes level of computer anxiety, mood Users spent 1 hour & report their frustrating experiences Post-session survey: assess mood after the session overall frustration level loss of time

1) Results InternetApplicationsOperating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35)crashes (16) long download time (23)freezes (24)wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17)missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) (15)crashes (13)unexpected message boxes (6)

1) Minutes lost – UMD & Towson OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes Total minutes: Total minutes lost: UMD Towson

1) Next Steps Validate results with other users professional elderly novice Develop more precise monitoring software e.g. Explore ways to improve: Online help & help desks Customer service & online communities Education & training Software & interface re-design

2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling U.S. Department of Commerce Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment

2) Universal Usability in Practice

User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May ) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment

3) Useful: Generative Theories Predictive & explanatory theories are useful, but the big step forward will be  generative theories Theories of human needs to guide our invention of new technologies

Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy 3) Theories of Human Needs 3) Theories of Human Needs

Relationships Self: working on your own Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates Colleagues & Neighbors: acquaintances Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more 3) Human Needs for Relationships

Activities Collect: Information Relate: Communication Create: Innovation Donate: Dissemination 3) Human Needs for Activities 3) Human Needs for Activities

3) Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Self Family & Friends Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?

Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate IdenticamPhotoDiary PhotoFinderPhotoMesa Album sharing Album sharing StoryStarter Family photo history PhotoFinder Kiosk PhotoWall PhotoFinder Webstarter PhotoQuilt Photo sharing

Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Medical log Diary Find-a- Friend Find-a- Friend MusicLists Family vacation history InfoDoorsGather Send-a-Link WebBushes WorldWide Med Million person communities Medical diagnosis Tourist sharing

3) Future Directions E-learning: The new education E-business: The new commerce E-healthcare: The new medicine E-government: The new politics Mega-creativity Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo

Action Items Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods Web producers: Develop UU statements Managers: Provide responsible leadership Journalists: Raise public expectations Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements Funders: Expand research on usability Educators: Disseminate scientific results Researchers: Explore bold new visions Getting to the Golden Age of Usability

Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 20 th Anniversary – May 29-30, The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do