The Eyes Have It: User Interfaces for Information Visualization Ben Shneiderman Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (

User Interface Design Goals Z Z Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Z Z Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Z Specify users and tasks Z Predict and measure ] time to learn ] speed of performance ] rate of human errors  human retention over time Z Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Z Accommodate individual differences Z Consider social, organizational & cultural context

Design Issues Z Z Input devices & strategies ] ] Keyboards, pointing devices, voice ] ] Direct manipulation ] ] Menus, forms, commands Z Z Output devices & formats ] ] Screens, windows, color, sound ] ] Text, tables, graphics ] ] Instructions, messages, help Z Z Collaboration & communities Z Z Manuals, tutorials, training usableweb.com useit.com

Library of Congress Z Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Z Teachers, Students

Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Z Doctors Z Surgeons Z Researchers Z Students

NASA Environmental Data Z Scientists Z Farmers Z Land planners Z Students

Bureau of Census Z Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Z Teachers, Students

Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci ( )

Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Z Z Visual bandwidth is enormous ] ] Human perceptual skills are remarkable X X Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... X X Color, size, shape, proximity... ] ] Human image storage is fast and vast Z Z Opportunities ] ] Spatial layouts & coordination ] ] Information visualization ] ] Scientific visualization & simulation ] ] Telepresence & augmented reality ] ] Virtual environments

Information Visualization: Definition Compact graphical presentation and user interface for manipulating large numbers of items ( ), possibly extracted from far larger datasets. Enables users to make discoveries, decisions, or explanations about patterns (trend, cluster, gap, outlier...), groups of items, or individual items.

Information Visualization: Research Centers Z Z Xerox PARC ] ] 3-D cone trees, perspective wall, spiral calendar ] ] table lens, hyperbolic trees, document lens, butterfly Z Z Univ. of Maryland ] ] dynamic queries, range sliders, starfields, treemaps ] ] zoombars, tight coupling, dynamic pruning, lifelines Z Z IBM Yorktown, AT&T-Lucent Technologies Z Z Georgia Tech, MIT Media Lab Z Z Univ. of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Calif-Berkeley

Information Visualization: Design Guidelines Direct manipulation strategies ] ] Visual presentation of query components ] ] Visual presentation of results ] ] Rapid, incremental and reversible actions ] ] Selection by pointing (not typing) ] ] Immediate and continuous feedback ] ] Reduces errors ] ] Encourages exploration

Customer Analysis Perspective addresses: Which of my highest-spending customers are my most profitable? Which customers should I target for cross-sell/up-sell opportunities?

Starlight

Information Visualization: Mantra Z Z Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand

Information Visualization: Data Types Z Z 1-D Linear Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars Z Z 2-D Map GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery Z Z 3-D World CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture Z Z Multi-Dim Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage, Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise Z Z Temporal Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams, Project Managers, DataSpiral Z Z Tree Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap Z Z Network Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees (Online Library of Information Visualization Environments) otal.umd.edu/Olive

LifeLines

Current Research - LifeLines Temporal data visualization Z Medical patient histories Z Customer relationship management Z Legal case histories

Treemap - view large trees with node values 4 Space filling 4 Space limited 4 Color coding 4 Size coding - Requires learning (Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992) TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)

Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

Information Visualization: Tasks Z Z Overview Gain an overview of the entire collection Z Zoom Zoom in on items of interest Z Filter Filter out uninteresting items Z Details-on-demand Select an item or group and get details when needed Z Relate View relationships among items Z History Keep a history of actions to support undo, replay, and progressive refinement Z Z Extract Allow extraction of sub-collections and of the query parameters

Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Renaissance Man Z Painter Z Inventor Z Visionary Z Mathematician Z Philosopher Z Engineer

ACM Conference on Universal Usability Washington, DC November 16-17,

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

For More Information  Visit the HCIL website for 140 papers & info on videos (  See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Third Edition (1998) ( Z January 1999 book of readings: Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think