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Presentation transcript:

University of Arizona SWES A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Enue E. Sicairos Ruelas October 6th 2005

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Overview Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia, Kariba weed, African pyle) is a free floating fern native to southeastern Brazil. Dense mats affect the growth of native vegetation, wildlife and degrade water quality. Over the past 70 years, S. molesta has spread to tropical and subtropical regions The Nature Conservancy, 2000 October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

Taxonomic classification Salvinia molesta belongs to a monogeneric family Salviniaceae S. auriculata S. herzogii S. biloba S. molesta S. auriculata complex October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

Morphology and reproduction Hairy floating leaves Root like submerged leaf Weed management ,2003 Great morphological variation depending on the conditions of habitat Vegetative Reproduction October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

Geographical distribution Native from Southeastern Brazil Sri Lanka Australia India Philippines South America Cuba Malaysia October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

Presence in the United States 1990 - S. molesta was introduced as an ornamental plant 1995 - Outside of cultivation in private pond in South Carolina 1998 - New outbreaks were registered in Texas 1999 - Invaded over 50 localities in southern tier states October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

Presence in Mexico Entered for first time in 2003 through the Colorado river ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ ALN/aln44/milich11.html October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Ecological impacts Detrimental Salvinia mats depress oxygen concentrations. Mats blocks the access to drinking water by humans, domestic stock and wild life. Clog irrigation and drainage canals. Prevents water use for recreational activities, such as swimming, boating, water skiing, and fishing USGS,2005 October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Ecological impacts Beneficial S. Molesta has been used as a compost and mulch As a supplement to food for livestock in some Asian countries October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Management options A) Chemical control 1940’s emulsifiable oils containing pentachlorophenol was used in Sri Lanka. Paraquat and sodium arsenite have been used to but only provide short term control. B) Physical control Manual removal has been successful in controlling S. molesta in the initial, uncrowded stage of population development. October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Management options C) Biological control Use of the weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Biology Adults typically reside on or beneath the fronds Eggs are laid individually in cavities formed by the female’s feeding activity Damage Adults will feed on the fronds, leaving small irregularly shaped holes The plants initially turn brown in small patches until entire mat appears brown and begins to sink Weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Conclusion Invasive alien plant and animal species increasingly threaten biodiversity and bring economic losses Maybe, one day, we will learn how to respect Mother Nature, but in the mean time, we have to find a way to bring equilibrium again October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Questions? October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta

A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta Yummy! October 6th 2005 A quiet enemy: Salvinia molesta