1 Medical Terminology Genitourinary System Chapter 12

2 Anatomy and Physiology u Structures u two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra u monitors, regulates extracellular fluids u excretes harmful substances in urine u nitrogenous wastes (urea) u returns useful substances to bloodstream u maintain balance of water, electrolytes (salts), acids, pH in the body fluids

3 Macroscopic Structures u ren/o and nephr/o u cortex, medulla u renal artery, renal vein u renal pelvis u ureter u urethra

4 Excretion u urination u micturition u voiding

5 u nephron u glomerulus glomerul/o u renal pelvis pyel/ u filtration, reabsorption, secretion Microscopic Structures

6 Formation of Urine u blood filtered to glomerulus u capillary walls thin u blood pressure higher inside capillaries than in Bowman’s capsule

7 Formation of Urine u causes filtration of fluid into capsule u this fluid is initial urine and equivalent to protein free plasma

8 Formation of Urine u in healthy nephron, neither protein nor RBCs filter into capsule u in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and large amount of water reabsorbed back to capillaries u salts selectively reabsorbed according to body’s needs u water reabsorbed with salts

9 Formation of Urine u nitrogen-containing waste products of protein metabolism, urea and creatinine, pass on through tubules to be excreted in urine u urine from all collecting ducts empties into renal pelvis u urine moves down ureters to bladder u empties via urethra

10 u An obstruction along this path can set the stage for infection. Obstruction may be kidney stone; enlarged prostate gland; or tumor. u Any blockage causes stasis and diminished flow of urine, and bacteria thrive in the stagnant fluid

11 Male Reproductive System u Functions u produce sperm u transport viable sperm

12 u Testes or testicles u seminiferous tubules u produce sperm u secrete testosterone u Scrotum or scrotal sac u epididymis u stores sperm u vas deferens u ejaculatory duct

13 Urethra and Penis u Urethra is the common reproductive and urinary channel u Penis is the male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vagina u glans penis covered by prepuce or foreskin u prepuce or foreskin removed during circumcision

14 Pathology of the Urinary System

15 Pyelonephritis u caused by pyogenic E. coli, Streptocci, Staphylococci u infections usually ascend that originate in lower tract or may be descending infection carried by bloodstream or lymph u any obstruction paves way for infection due to stagnation of urine u bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria

16 Acute Glomerulonephritis u common, children and young adults u often from previous streptococcal infection; strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever. u chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema u albuminuria, hematuria, casts often present u a degenerative inflammation of glomeruli

17 u Glomerular membrane inflammed u permeable, proteinuria, casts u May have repeated episodes called u chronic glomerulonephritis

18 Nephrolithiasis u Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify u asymptomatic u size increase may result in obstruction u intense radiating pain from kidney area to groin - colic u stone may block flow of urine u hydronephrosis

19 Nephrolithiasis u can be partially dissolved by medication then passed u may be crushed by lithotripsy u if immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy u if performed out of water - nephrotripsy u nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolith

20 Bladder Neck Obstruction u Blockage of bladder outlet u causes u prostatic hypertrophy u calculus, blood clot, tumor u cystitis

21 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia u Prostate enlarges and decreases size of urethral lumen u Retained urine - cystitis - nephritis u transurethral resection (TURP)

22 u Ischemia, Nephrotoxic injury u oliguria u hypercalcemia Acute Tubular Necrosis

23 Carcinoma of the Prostate u dysuria, frequency, hematuria u bilateral orchiectomy

24 End of Chapter 12 Chapter 9 Genitourinary System