1 Hesheng Chen Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing , China Prospect of Particle Physics in China

2 Particle Physics in China Chinese Nuclear physics and Particle physics have long tradition. Institute of Modern Physics established JINR: discovery of anti-  Independent Institute for High Energy Physics: established at Feb Beijing Electron Positron Collider: milestone of Chinese high energy physics Synchrotron radiation Light sources: BSRF, SSRF

3 Institute of High Energy Physics Comprehensive and largest fundamental research center in China Major research fields : – Particle physics: Charm BEPC, LHC exp., cosmic ray, particle astrophysics,  physics … – Accelerator technology and applications – Synchrotron radiation technologies and applications 1030 employees, ~ 650 physicists and engineers, 400 PhD Students and postdoctors Established at 1950, and became an independent institute at 1973.

4 Particle Physics Experiments in China BEPC & BEPCII: BESII/BESIII Non-accelerator experiments –Yangbajing cosmic-ray observatory –L3cosmic (finished) –Hard X-ray modulated telescope –Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment International collaboration: –Mark-J (finished) –LEP: L3, ALEPH (finished) –LHC ： ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, Alice –AMS, … –KEKB: BELLE; Kamland, SuperK. –RHIC: Star, Phenix –ILC R&D

5 Bird’s Eye View of BEPC Bird’s Eye View of BEPC

6 BEPC constructed in 1984 – 1988 with beam energy: 1 – 2.8 GeV –Physics Run ： Luminosity cm -2 s 1.89GeV, 5 month/year –Synchrotron Radiation Run ： 2.2 GeV, 3 month/year Physics Running finished March 2004 Synchrotron Radiation Running finished June 2005

7 Korea (4) Korea Univ. Seoul National Univ. Chonbuk National Univ. Gyeongsang Nat. Univ. Japan (5) Nikow Univ. Tokyo Institute of Technology Miyazaki Univ. KEK Univ. of Tokyo USA (4) Univ. of Hawaii Univ. of Texas at Dallas Colorado State Univ. SLAC UK (1) Queen Mary Univ. China (18) IHEP Univ. of Sci. and Tech. of China Shandong Univ., Zhejiang Univ. Huazhong Normal Univ. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. Peking Univ., CCAST Wuhan Univ., Nankai Univ. Henan Normal Univ. Hunan Univ., Liaoning Univ. Tsinghua Univ., Sichuan Univ. Guangxi Univ., Guangxi Normal Univ. Jiangsu Normal Univ.

8 J/  World J/  Samples (×10 6 ) BESII 58M J/  J/  decays: ideal to search for new types of hadrons Gluon rich Very high production cross section Higher BR to hadrons than that of  ’ ( “ 12% rule ” ). Larger phase space to 1-3 GeV hadrons than that of Y Clean background environment compared with hadron collision experiments, e.g., “ J P, I ” filter J/ 

9 BES Main Physics Results from BES  Precision measurement of  mass: world average value changed by 3 , accuracy improved by factor of 10, and approved  lepton universality.  R Measurement at 2-5GeV:  R/R 15-20% →6.6% – Higgs mass prediction from SM – g-2 experiment –  (M z 2 ) -1 : ±0.090 → ± Systematic study of  (2S) and J/  decays.  Resonance X(1835) in with mass and width are consistent with that of the S-wave resonance X(1860) indicated by the pp mass threshold enhancement.

10 Impact of BES ’ s New R Values on the SM Fit for α (M z 2 ) and Higgs mass 1995 before BES R data 2001 with BES R data g – 2 experiment

11 Statistical Significance 7.7  BESII Preliminary BES: X(1835) in X(1835) 7.7  BESII Preliminary

12 The mass and width of X(1835) are consistent with that of the S-wave resonance X(1860) indicated by the pp mass threshold enhancement X(1835) could be the same structure as ppbar mass threshold enhancement Currently all explanations have some difficulties Its spin-parity should be 0 -+  BESIII may measure it with a factor of 100 more statistics X(1835), the same as X(1860)?

13 Observation of non-DDbar decays of  (3770)  (3770) is believed to be a mixture of 1D and 2S states of cc-bar systemIt is thought to decay almost entirely to pure DD-bar From a measurement of DD-bar cross section and R value, BESII found for the first time a significant fraction of non-DD-bar Br. BESII also found for the first an exclusive channel of non-DDbar decays, which was confirmed later by CLEO-c: PLB 605 (2005) 63 Hep-ex/

14 LHC Experiments 1. CMS – 1/3 of CSC at muon end caps (IHEP) – HV boards for RPC (IHEP) – RPC of barrel muon (Beijing Univ.) – Physics and MC 2. Atlas – Drift Monitor chambers (IHEP) – Physics and MC 3. LCG: Tier 2 4. LHCb: Tsinghua Univ. 5. Alice: CIAE,

15 Non-Accelerator physics experiment 1. Cosmic ray experiment –Yangbajing cosmic ray observatory China-Japan Air Shower Array China-Italy Argo RPC carpet project – L3 Cosmic ray measurement 2. Particle Astrophysics experiments: – Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) – Hard X ray modulated Telescope satellite –  ray burst detector – X-ray detector of Chinese Moon project.

16 Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory （ Tibet a.s.l. 4300m ） IHEP-INFN Argo RPC China-Japan Air Shower Array

17 New anisotropy component and corotation of GCR (Science 314(2006) ) New anisotropy component Amp=0.16% w/o corotation; Observation: 0.03%±0.03%. Celestial Intensity map E~300TeV

18 AMS01 permanent magnet and structure were built at Beijing, and became the first big magnet in space as payload of Discovery June Search for antimatter and dark matter precision measurement of isotopes Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

19 AMS02 ECAL: IHEP, PISA and LAPP Space qualification at Beijing ECAL assembling at IHEP

20 2. BEPCII: High Lumi. Double – ring Collider Build new ring inside existing ring. Two half new rings and two half old rings cross at two IR’s, forming a double ring collider. BEPCII

21 BEPC II Double ring Design In the existing BEPC tunnel, add another ring, cross over at south and north points, two equal rings for electrons and positrons. double-ring collision technology. 93 bunches ， total current > 0.9A in each ring. Collision spacing ： 8 ns. In south, collision with large horizontal cross-angle （ ±11 mr ）. Calculated luminosity ： cm -2 s 3.78GeV of C.M. energy. Linac upgrade: e + 50mA/min., Full energy injection up to 1.89GeV In north cross point, connecting SR beam between two outer rings, in south cross point, use dipole magnet to bend the beam back to outer ring. SR run ： 2.5 GeV. Major detector upgrade ： BES III.

22 COLLIDERS FACTORIES SUPER FACTORIES e + -e - Colliders: Past, Present and Future C. Biscari, Workshop on e + e - in 1-2 GeV Range, September 10-13, 2003, Italy L (cm -2 s -1 ) E (GeV)

23 Physics at BEPCII/BESIII Precision measurement of CKM matrix elements Precision test of Standard Model QCD and hadron production Light hadron spectroscopy Charmonium physics Search for new physics/new particles Physics Channel Energy (GeV) Luminosity (10 33 cm –2 s –1 ) Events/year J/  ×10 10  ×10 7  ’ ×10 9 D* ×10 7 Ds ×10 6 Ds ×10 6

24 Light hadron spectroscopy Baryon spectroscopy Charmonium spectroscopy Glueball searches Search for non-qqbar states J/  events together with LQCD are probably enough to pin down most of questions of light hadron spectroscopy Spectrum of glueballs from LQCD

25 Precision measurement of CKM ---- Branching rations of charm mesons V cd /V cs: Leptonic and semi-leptonic decays V cb: Hadronic decays V td /V ts: f D and f Ds from Leptonic decays V ub: Form factors of semi-leptonic decays Unitarity Test of CKM matrix CurrentBESIII V ub 25%5% V cd 7%1% V cs 16%1% V cb 5%3% V td 36%5% V ts 39%5%

26 Precision test of SM and Search for new Physics DDbar mixing DDbar mixing in SM ~ 10 – –10 DDbar mixing sensitive to “new physics” Our sensitivity : ~ Lepton universality CP violation Rare decays FCNC, Lepton no. violation 

27 Stage #1: Linac upgrade reached designed goal RF Gallery Linac Tunnel Progress of BEPCII

28 DesignMeasuredBEPC Energy (e+ / e-) ( GeV ) Current ( e+ ) ( mA ) 3761~ 5 Current ( e- ) ( mA ) 500> 500 ~300 Emittance （ e+ ） ( 1 σ, mm-mrad ） 0.40 (37 mA) 0.39~0.41 (40~46 mA) ---- Emittance (e-) ( 1 σ, mm-mrad ） 0.10 (500 mA) 0.09~0.11 (600 mA) ---- Pulse Repe. Rate （ Hz ） Energy Spread ( e- ) （ % ） ** ± 0.50 (500 mA) ± 0.44 (600 mA) ± 0.80 Energy Spread ( e+ ) （ % ） ** ± 0.50 (37 mA) ± 0.50 (≥37 mA) ± 0.80 Assessment result: Linac Beam Performance measured by the Test Group, in June-July 2006

29 Stage #2: Storage Ring upgrade reached Goal 1. Jan.- June 2005 SR running √ 2. Production of Double ring components Finished√ 3. Remove old ring√, install Double ring√ 4. BESIII construction √

30 Storage Ring installation finished

31 1st Interaction region 2rd Interaction region

32 First beam stored in storage ring 18 Nov.2006 Synchrotron radiation run provided Dec. 2006

33 Tuning of Storage Ring: good progress Positron Injection rate reached ~ 50 mA/min. Electron Ring stored beam Feb Positron Ring stored beam March First collision: 25 March Now 50 by 50 bunches collision works. Electron beam current reaches 150 mA, positron beam current reaches 200mA The measurement of the storage ring parameters are in agreement with prediction. The luminosity is quite good. Difficulties in SC magnets and cryogenic system solved.

34 BESIII Detector — Adapt to high event rate : cm -2 s -1 and bunch spacing 8ns — Reduce sys. errors for high statistics: photon measurement, PID… — Increase acceptance ， and give space for SC quads Be beam pipe SC magnet, 1T Magnet yoke MDC, 120  m CsI(Tl) calorimeter, 2.5 TOF, 90ps RPC

35 Main Drift Chamber Small cell 7000 Signal wires: 25  m gold-plated tungsten Field wires: 110  m gold-plated Aluminum Gas: He + C 3 H 8 (60/40) Momentum dE/dX resolution: ~ 6%.

36 MDC construction finished Wiring completed with good quality Inner chamber and outer chamber assembled Gas leakage test finished Cosmic-ray test started

37 Cosmic ray test

38 CsI(Tl) crystal calorimeter Design goals: –Energy: 1GeV –Spatial: 1GeV Crystals: –Barrel: 5280 w: kg –Endcaps: 960 w: 4051 kg –Total: 6240 w: 25.6 T 2 Photodiode+2 Preamp+ (1 Amplifier) Photodiode(PD): Hamamatsu S (1cm x 2cm) Preamplifier noise: <1100 e (~220kev) Shaping time of amplifier: 1μs

39 Support Structure of EMC Barrel

40

41 90% installation done

42  system : RPC 9 layer, 2000 m 2 Special bakelite plate w/o lineseed oil 4cm strips, channels Noise less than 0.1 Hz/cm 2 Good candidate for ILC HCAL and muon chamber

43 BESIII Magnet Progress Thermal insulationassembly transportation wiring installation

44 Field reached 1 tesla

45 Schedule May – Oct. 04. : √ –Linac upgrade –BESII detector removing Nov. 04 – June 05: Tuning and SR running √ July 05 – Oct. 06: Long shutdown –Remove existing ring √ –Upgrade infrastructure √ –Install two rings: √ Nov. 06 – Feb. 08: –Tuning of storage ring – SR running – field mapping of SC magnets –Assembling of BESIII Mar. 08: BESIII detector moved into beam line May. 08 : Starting machine-detector tuning. Physics run by Summer 2008

46 Particle Physics in 21 st Century Particle Physics in 21 st Century Particle Physics & particle astrophysics: great challenges –Symmetry breaking mechanism: Higgs? SUSY? –Neutrino physics –CP violation: –Dark matter? –Dark energy? Great opportunities in 21 st century ! Major frontiers: most are big facilities –Accelerator Experiments: High energy frontier: LHC, ILC… High precision frontier –Non-Accelerator experiments –Particle astrophysics –Neutrino experiments Difficulties in big sciences: more international cooperation and more invest are the key issues

47 Chinese Particle Physics in 21 st Century Chinese economy grows quickly and steadily Chinese government increases the supports to sciences and technology significantly and constantly. With construction of BEPCII/BESIII, Shanghai light source and CSNS, the new generation of Chinese accelerator and detector teams are shaping: young and growing fast. They could catch the future opportunity in particle physics Strong demands on –the large scientific facilities based on accelerators. –the application of accelerator and detector technology

48 Chinese Particle Physics Medium and Long Term Plan Chinese Particle Physics Medium and Long Term Plan Charm BEPCII Intl. collaborations: LHC exp., ILC,… Modulated hard X-ray telescope satellite Yangbajing Cosmic ray Observatory Neutrino experiments: –Daya Bay Reactor neutrino to measure sin 2 2  13 –National underground Lab. (under discussion) –Very LBL oscillation: J-Prac→ Beijing (under discussion)

49 Chinese Particle Physics Medium and Long Term Plan (cont.) Chinese Particle Physics Medium and Long Term Plan (cont.) High power proton Accelerator: – Chinese Spallation Neutron Source – Accelerator Driven Subcritical system Test facility of Hard X-ray FEL Convert BEPC into dedicated SR source after BEPCII finished physics running IHEP extents research fields, to protein structure, nano-science, material science… → Multiple discipline research center

Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) Service Cabin Payload Cabin

51 Payloads onboard HXMT HE: NaI/CsI keV 5000 cm 2 Size ： 1900×1600×1000 mm ME: Si-PIN,5-30keV 952 cm2 LE:SCD,1-15 keV 384 cm2

52 Main Detector NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na) Phoswich –Total Detect Area ~5000 cm 2 –Energy Range 20 ～ 250 keV –Energy Resolution ~19% –Continuum Sensitivity ~3.0×10 -7 ph cm -2 s -1 keV -1,or 0.5 mCrab 5 s) –Field of View 5.7°x 5.7° （ FWHM ） –Source Location ≤1 arcmin(20  ) –Angular Resolution ≤5 arcmin(20  ) Secondary Instruments ME (5-30 keV, Si-PIN, 952 cm 2 ), LE (1-15 keV, SCD, 384 cm 2 ) Mass ~2700 kg (payload ~1100 kg) Dimension 2.0×2.0×2.8 m 3 (L×W×H) Nominal Mission lifetime 3-4 years (6 years desired) Orbit Altitude 550km ， Inclination 43° Attitude Three-axis stabilized Control precision ： ±0.10° Stability: °/s Measurement accuracy: <0.01° Characteristics of the HXMT Mission

53 Sensitivity

54 Angular Resolution 12’ < 5’ 14’ Source Location (20σ) 1’ < 1’ 1’ Pointed Sensitivity keV) Half Year Survey Sensitivity (mCrab) Observation Capability All sky survey ok good yes Selected sky deep survey good good bad Narrow field pointing observation bad good no Integral/IBIS HXMT/HE wift/BAT Comparison of HXMT and other two telescopes in the same energy band.

55 Hard X-ray sky survey with highest sensitivity High precision hard X-ray full sky map: Discover highly obscured supermassive BHs: Discover new types of high energy objects: High precision pointed observations of HE objects Space-time in strong gravitational field: dynamics and radiation near stellar mass and supermassive BHs Equation of state in strong magnetic field: neutron star and its surface properties High energy particle acceleration: AGN, SNR, shock and relativistic jets Large scale structure: through hard X-ray detection of galaxy clusters Main advantages and key science of HXMT

56 Parameterization of neutrino mixing 6 fundamental parameters in neutrino physics ： Known ： |  m 2 32 |,sin 2 2  32 ，  m 2 21,sin 2 2  21 Unknown: sin 2 2   ，  , sign of  m 2 32 Exp. ： reactor VLBL oscillation Daya Bay Reactor J-Parc → Beijing Neutrino mixing parameters

57 Daya bay reactor neutrino experiment with sensitivity of 0.01 to sin 2 2   Daya Bay NPP LingAo NPP

58

59 Detector: Multiple modules Multiple modules for cross check, reduce uncorrelated errors Small modules for easy construction, moving, handing, … Small modules for less sensitive to scintillator aging Scalable Two modules at near sites Four modules at far site: Side-by-side cross checks

60 Central Detector modules Three zones modular structure: I. target: Gd-loaded scintillator  -ray catcher: normal scintillator III. Buffer shielding: oil Reflection at two ends 20t target mass, ~200 8 ” PMT/module  E =  s ~ 14 cm I II III IsotopesPurity( ppb) 20cm( Hz) 25cm (Hz) 30cm( Hz) 40cm( Hz) 238 U(>1MeV) Th(>1MeV) K(>1MeV) Total  Catcher thickness Oil buffer thickness

61 Systematic error comparison Chooz Palo VerdeKamLANDDaya Bay Reactor power <0.2% Reactor fuel/  spectra cross section No. of protonsH/C ratio Mass Efficiencye+ Energy cuts n energy cut Position cuts Time cuts P/Gd ratio n multiplicity0.5- <0.1 backgroundcorrelated <0.5 uncorrelated <0.1 Trigger02.90 <0.1 livetime00.2 <0.1

62 North America (9) LBNL, BNL, Caltech, UCLA Univ. of Houston,Univ. of Iowa Univ. of Wisconsin, IIT, Univ. of Illinois-Urbana-champagne China (12) IHEP, CIAE,Tsinghua Univ. Zhongshan Univ.,Nankai Univ. Beijing Normal Univ., Shenzhen Univ., Hong Kong Univ. Chinese Hong Kong Univ. Taiwan Univ., Chiao Tung Univ., National United univ. Europe (3) JINR, Dubna, Russia Kurchatov Institute, Russia Charles university, Czech Daya Bay collaboration

63 Status of the project Total Cost estimated 32 M$ in Chinese accounting. MoST and CAS officially approved the project. Chinese Atomic Energy Agency, Daya Bay nuclear power Co. and local government support the project strongly. Most Funds from China were approved. Site survey including bore holes completed. Design of tunnel is under way. Construction of tunnel should be started in 3 month. R&D started in collaborating institutions, the prototype is operational DoE agreed to provide funds to construct 50% of the detector Proposals to governments under preparation It is great challenge to reach the sensitivity of Italian physicists has long tradition on n physics. Italian physicist groups are most welcomed

64 Schedule of the project Schedule – R&D, engineering design, secure funding – construction –2009 installation –2010 running

65 VLBL Experiment of J-Parc to Beijing V LBL  exp. with km is very interesting for many important physics, if sin 2 2   is not too small: – Sign of the difference of  mass square – CP phase of – τ  appearance V LBL  experiment from JHF to Beijing –Good tunnel: 20 km north of Beijing, near highway to Great Wall. 560 m long, 34 meter wide, 13 meter height, 150 m rock on top –Good infrastructure available –2200 km to JHF with 9.5 o dip angle Second  beam line required. J-Parc phase 2?  Factory ? Two reports issued and several papers published.

Km: CERN → Gran Sasso Opera 730 Km: FNAL → Soudan Minos 2100 Km: J-Parc → Beijing

67 Tunnel Gate (Aviation Museum) 20Km north of Beijing, near highway to Great Wall

68 Tunnel Inside

69 sin 2 (2  13 ) ～ 0.07

70 sin 2 (2  13 ) ～ 0.007

CSNS layout Linac: H- beam, 81 MeV (DTL) to 230 MeV (SCL) Rapid-cycling synchrotron: 1.6 GeV at 25 Hz Chinese Spallation Neutron Source

CSNS primary parameters Phase IPhase IIPhase II ’ Beam power on target [kW] Proton energy on target [GeV]1.6 Average beam current [  A] Pulse repetition rate [Hz]25 Protons per pulse [10 13 ] Linac energy [MeV] Linac typeDTL DTL+SCL Target number111 or 2 Target materialTungsten ModeratorsH 2 O (300K), CH 4 (100K), H 2 (20K) Number of spectrometers718>18 CSNS Parameters

Status of CSNS IHEP is in charge of the project Site: Dongguan, Guangdong province. IHEP opens a branch. Budget: 1.46B RMB + the fund & the land from the local governments 5.5 year: first beam Major project for machine team and detector team after BEPCII/BESIII The great challenges

74 Thank you!