6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-1 Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks A note on the use of these ppt slides: We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following:  If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)  If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 5 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, April 2009.

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-2 Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks Background: r # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! r computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access r two important (but different) challenges m wireless: communication over wireless link m mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-3 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless hosts r laptop, PDA, IP phone r run applications r may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile m wireless does not always mean mobility

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station r typically connected to wired network r relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” m e.g., cell towers, access points

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link r typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station r also used as backbone link r multiple access protocol coordinates link access r various data rates, transmission distance

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-6 Characteristics of selected wireless link standards Indoor 10-30m Outdoor m Mid-range outdoor 200m – 4 Km Long-range outdoor 5Km – 20 Km IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G b a,g UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular enhanced (WiMAX) a,g point-to-point n Data rate (Mbps) data

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-7 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode r base station connects mobiles into wired network r handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-8 Elements of a wireless network ad hoc mode r no base stations r nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage r nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-9 Wireless network taxonomy single hop multiple hops infrastructure (e.g., APs) no infrastructure host connects to base station (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular) which connects to larger Internet no base station, no connection to larger Internet (Bluetooth, ad hoc nets) host may have to relay through several wireless nodes to connect to larger Internet: mesh net no base station, no connection to larger Internet. May have to relay to reach other a given wireless node MANET, VANET

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-10 Wireless Link Characteristics (1) Differences from wired link …. m decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) m interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well m multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times …. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-11 Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): A B C Hidden terminal problem r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other means A, C unaware of their interference at B A B C A’s signal strength space C’s signal strength Signal attenuation: r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other interfering at B

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-12 IEEE Wireless LAN r b m GHz unlicensed spectrum m up to 11 Mbps m direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in physical layer all hosts use same chipping code r a m 5-6 GHz range m up to 54 Mbps r g m GHz range m up to 54 Mbps r n: multiple antennae m GHz range m up to 200 Mbps r all use CSMA/CA for multiple access r all have base-station and ad-hoc network versions

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks LAN architecture r wireless host communicates with base station m base station = access point (AP) r Basic Service Set (BSS) (aka “cell”) in infrastructure mode contains: m wireless hosts m access point (AP): base station m ad hoc mode: hosts only BSS 1 BSS 2 Internet hub, switch or router AP

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks : Channels, association r b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at different frequencies m AP admin chooses frequency for AP m interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen by neighboring AP! r host: must associate with an AP m scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address m selects AP to associate with m may perform authentication [Chapter 8] m will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s subnet

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks : passive/active scanning AP 2 AP 1 H1 BBS 2 BBS Active Scanning : (1)Probe Request frame broadcast from H1 (2)Probes response frame sent from APs (3)Association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP (4)Association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP AP 2 AP 1 H1 BBS 2 BBS Passive Scanning: (1)beacon frames sent from APs (2)association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP (3)association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-16 IEEE : multiple access r avoid collisions: 2 + nodes transmitting at same time r : CSMA - sense before transmitting m don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node r : no collision detection! m difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading) m can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading m goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance) A B C A B C A’s signal strength space C’s signal strength

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-17 IEEE MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA sender 1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then transmit entire frame (no CD) 2 if sense channel busy then start random backoff time timer counts down while channel idle transmit when timer expires if no ACK, increase random backoff interval, repeat receiver - if frame received OK return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden terminal problem) sender receiver DIFS data SIFS ACK

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-18 Avoiding collisions (more) idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames r sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS using CSMA m RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short) r BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS r CTS heard by all nodes m sender transmits data frame m other stations defer transmissions avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets!

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-19 Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange AP A B time RTS(A) RTS(B) RTS(A) CTS(A) DATA (A) ACK(A) reservation collision defer

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-20 frame control duration address 1 address 2 address 4 address 3 payloadCRC seq control frame: addressing Address 2: MAC address of wireless host or AP transmitting this frame Address 1: MAC address of wireless host or AP to receive this frame Address 3: MAC address of router interface to which AP is attached Address 4: used only in ad hoc mode

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-21 Internet router AP H1 R1 AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr address 1 address 2 address frame R1 MAC addr H1 MAC addr dest. address source address frame frame: addressing