Ancient Athenian Tragedy Origins, Context, Practice.

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Presentation transcript:

Ancient Athenian Tragedy Origins, Context, Practice

Tragedy: Ritualized Secularism Dual Focus (Barlow) Mythic, archetypal Contemporary, topical Ambivalent affirmation 13-Sep-112 Csapo Theater at Epidaurus

Agenda Opening discussion Your Comments The Fasti Background, Evidence, Illustration Tragic Origins Cult, komos, Phallic Procession Athenian Tragedy Occasion and Context Athenian Theater, Tragic Drama Where, What, How 13-Sep-11 Csapo 3

Opening discussion Your Comments

Issues… Confused! Athenian drama through a modern lens Plays as critique? Artistic liberties? Citizen role? Political/social aspects? Emergence of urban culture Religious aspects? Why gods (esp. Dionysus)? Cultic elements (Proto)satyrs? Plays that illustrate? Competitive aspects Choosing of khorēgoi How people heard the actors 3-actor rule? Theater Lighting? Rebuilding? Paucity of remains? Festival: changes? 13-Sep-115 Csapo

The Fasti Background, Evidence, Illustration

BBC Map of Ancient Greece

Chronology: Athenian Drama BCE Peisistratus’ tyranny City/Greater Dionysia Tragic competition, 535/4 or 508 or 501 (?) ? Thespis and tragedy Actor-“answerer” (hupokrites) ca Satyr plays introduced 486 First known comic competition 508/7 Democracy 453 Athenian empire 449 actor’s prize, Greater Dionysia 13-Sep-119 Csapo Tragic mask

Chronology: Athenian Tragedians BCE Aeschylus 1 st victory nd actor added ca. 496-ca. 406 Sophocles 1 st victory rd actor added 484?-406 BCE Euripides 1 st victory 441 Solo arias (“monodies”) 13-Sep-1110 Csapo Tragic mask

Choregic commemorative inscription honoring khorēgoi Auteas and Philoxenides, 313–312 BC

Fasti (inscribed drama record, Athens) 1. Name of that year’s presiding archon (“archon eponymous”). 2. Name of victorious tribe, boys’ dithyramb. 3. Name of victorious tribe, men’s dithyramb. 4. Name of victorious khoregos and didaskalos (“director”) in comedy. 5. Victorious khoregos and didaskalos, tragedy. 449/447 (?) BCE, victorious actor in tragedy. komos (plural komoi)

Tragic Origins Cult, komos, Phallic Procession

Dionysus with Satyrs, Athenian cup (“Brygos painter”) circa 510 BCE

Proto-Dramatic Performance Kōmos, Satyrs Phallic procession 13-Sep-1115 Csapo Komasts: archaic Corinthian vase Procession of the Phallus Pole Satyrs, Maenads, Dionysus. Athenian, early 500s BCE

Proto-Drama (?): komos-like Performance of the Return of Hephaestus Protocorinthian vase painting, BCE Hephaestus Dionysus padded, phallic costume Return of Hephaistos

Red-Figure Athenian Vase, 500s BCE Dionysian Masks

Tragic chorus: masked, dancing, singing (ancient vase)

Athenian Tragedy Occasion and Context

Athenian Dramatic Festivals Rural Dionysia (Dec.) Lenaea (late Jan/Feb, from 440/430-) citizens Anthisteria (Feb) City/Greater Dionysia (late March) anyone (theoric fund) 13-Sep-1120 Csapo Dionysus

Greater Dionysia: Program Dramatic preliminaries Prefest chorus assignments Proagōn “Introduction” Pompē Ceremonies “Showtime” Dithyramb — 10 Men’s choruses of 50 Boys’ choruses of 50 Comedies — 5 Tragedy — 3 tetralogies 13-Sep-1121 Csapo

Tragic Tetralogy Four plays, one playwright 1. Tragedy 2. Tragedy 3. Tragedy 4. Satyr drama Aeschylus’ Oresteia (458 BCE) 1. Agamemnon 2. Libation Bearers 3. Eumenides 4. Proteus 13-Sep-1122 Csapo Citizen judging

Athenian Theater, Tragic Drama Where, What, How

Roman Theater of Herodes Atticus Theater of Dionysus Parthenon N Temple of Dionysus Eleutherius Odeon Athenian Acropolis

entry (parodos) skene (stage building) stone seats (dignitaries) theatron (“viewing place,” auditorium, theater) kerkis (“wedge” seating section) orkhēstra (“dancing space” for chorus) Low wooden stage with, steps, skene (from ca. 420 BCE) entry (parodos) wooden bleachers altar Theater of Dionysus ca. 420 BCE

Theater of Dionysus, Athens (from East) 13-Sep-11 Csapo 27

Production: Personnel & Gear Personnel poet poiētēs, “maker” producer khorēgos director didaskalos, “teacher” actors hupokritai chorus, “chorus leader” khoros, koruphaios piper aulētēs Gear, etc. Masks Costumes Music Props Scenery Special effects mekhanē ekkuklēma 13-Sep-1128 Csapo