Direct Measurement Instruments for Estimation of Vertical Water Movement Pan Lysimeter Passive Capillary Sampler Tension Lysimeter Joel Hubbell AgE 558,

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Presentation transcript:

Direct Measurement Instruments for Estimation of Vertical Water Movement Pan Lysimeter Passive Capillary Sampler Tension Lysimeter Joel Hubbell AgE 558, Spring 2001

State Variables for Characterizing the Vadose Zone  Soil Water Potential Hydraulic gradient  Water Content Mass of water-changes in time and space  Flux Rate  Concentration of Solutes

Pan Lysimeter Passive Capillary Sampler (PCAPS) Tension Lysimeter  Theory of operation  Construction, installation and operation  Advantages and limitations  Comparison of devices

Pan Lysimeter Intersect flow and route to sampling location Impermeable layer beneath site Numerous configurations Pan, plastic, glass block, funnel

Pan Lysimeter

Pan Lysimeters Advantages: “Simple” design Lower costs Available materials Limitations:Divergent flow (under sampling) Collect 0 to 36-45% of flow (optimum) Difficult to design to predict flux Samples macropores-”wet” conditions

Passive Capillary Sampler Intercepts flow Collects with a constant pressure Wick fluid with fiberglass rope

PCAPS

Passive Capillary Sampler

Assets:Passive design Macro/micro pore flow Best in sands More representative flux 103, 80, 64 % of WB Well published-12+ articles Limitations: Soil water potential <-150 cm “wet” Clay and silts lower recoveries Design/materials more complex Installation more complex-undisturbed

Tension Lysimeter

Advantages: Able to sample tensiometeric range Good for sands, silts and clays Matches SWP in device with existing conditions Could be automated Should produce best estimate of flux Limitations: Complex design Sophisticated instrument High cost of operation Few papers

Comparison of Instruments Flux representiveness Pan/Gravity Lysimeter PCAPS Tension Lysimeter Overall Low Medium-High High For Low water potential(dry) Low Low High High water potential (wet) Best Good Good Chemical representiveness of sample Highest GoodFair

Comparison of Instruments Pan/Gravity Lysimeter PCAPS Tension Lysimeter Primary pore size sampled Macro pore Macro pore Macro and micro Water Pressure range of operation 0-unk (Wet range only) 0 to about –80 cm 0 to -700cm (up to –150 cm) Vary tension range for sampling? (flexibility) No Limited 0 to -80 cm Yes, 0 to –700 cm Best to Sample Sand Sand Clay-course sand

Comparison of Instruments Cost to install and construct tool Medium-high Medium-high High Complexity of design Low High Very high Ease of operation Easy Medium Difficult Mode of operation Passive Passive Active Cost of operation Low Low High Pan/Gravity LysimeterPCAPS Tension Lysimeter

Conclusions Pan Lysimeter Least accuracy/complexity PCAPS More accurate/complex Tension Lysimeter Best/most complex  Problem is standard for comparison Also impedance match  Spatial variability in recharge Preferential flow-Finger, funnel flow, fast flow paths

Caution Although the technique (flux meters) has worked well for those researchers that have perfected it subtleties, it does not appear to be pragmatic on a large-area basis and should be used only for very localized and specialized studies. (Wagenet, MOSA 1986)