Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society Jim Demmel, Chief Scientist UC Santa Cruz

Center For Information Technology Research In The Interest Of Society  Major new initiative within the College of Engineering and on the Berkeley Campus  Joint with UC Davis, UC Merced, UC Santa Cruz, LBNL, LLNL  Over 90 faculty from 21 departments  Many industrial partners  Significant State and private support  CITRIS will focus on IT solutions to tough, quality-of-life related problems “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.” –Margaret Mead

Outline  Scientific Agenda Overview  Applications, Systems, Foundations  Hardware and Software Building Blocks  Sensor Networks, Handheld devices, Wireless Networks, Clusters  Organizational Building Blocks  New personnel and facilities  Affiliated research centers and activities  Financial Building Blocks  Industrial partners, funding  Current grants  Putting the Social into CITRIS  Smart Energy – one application in detail  Next steps

Scientific Agenda Overview

Technology Invention in a Social Context : Quality of Life Impact   Energy Efficiency   Transportation Planning   Monitoring Health Care

  Education   Land and Environment   Disaster Response Technology Invention in a Social Context : Quality of Life Impact

The CITRIS Model Core Technologies ApplicationsFoundations Reliablity Reliablity Availability Availability Security, Security, Algorithms Algorithms Social, policy issues Social, policy issues Distributed Info Systems Distributed Info Systems Micro sensors/actuators Micro sensors/actuators Human-Comp Interaction Human-Comp Interaction Prototype Deployment Prototype Deployment Initially Leverage Existing Initially Leverage Existing Expertise on campuses Expertise on campuses Societal-Scale Information Systems Societal-Scale Information Systems(SIS)

Initial CITRIS Applications (1)  Saving Energy  Smart Buildings that adjust to inhabitants  Make energy deregulation work via real-time metering and pricing  Large potential savings in energy costs: for US commercial buildings Turning down heat, lights saves up to $55B/year, 35M tons C emission/year 30% of $45B/year energy bill is from “broken systems”  Transportation Systems  Use SISs to improve the efficiency and utility of highways while reducing pollution  Improve carpooling efficiency using advanced scheduling  Improve freeway utilization by managing traffic flows  Large potential savings in commuter time, lost wages, fuel, pollution: for CA 15 minutes/commuter/day => $15B/year in wages $600M/year in trucking costs, 150K gallons of fuel/day  Disaster Mitigation (natural and otherwise)  $100B-$200B loss in “Big One”, 5K to 10K deaths  Monitor buildings, bridges, lifeline systems to assess damage after disaster  Provide efficient, personalized responses  Must function at maximum performance under very difficult circumstances

Initial CITRIS Applications (2)  Distributed Biomonitoring  Wristband biomonitors for chronic illness and the elderly  Monitored remotely 24x7x365  Emergency response and potential remote drug delivery  Cardiac Arrest Raise out-of-hospital survival rate from 6% to 20% => save 60K lives/year  Distributed Education  Smart Classrooms  Lifelong Learning Center for professional education  Develop electronic versions of UC Merced’s undergraduate CS curriculum CS3 by Summer 2002  Environmental Monitoring  Monitor air quality near highways to meet Federal guidelines  Mutual impact of urban and agricultural areas  Monitor water shed response to climate events and land use changes

Societal-Scale Systems “Client” “Server” Clusters Massive Cluster Gigabit Ethernet New System Architectures New Enabled Applications Diverse, Connected, Physical, Virtual, Fluid MEMS Sensors Scalable, Reliable, Secure Services Information Appliances

Societal-Scale Information System (SIS)   Information Utility – – Planetary-scale/non-stop; secure, reliable, high- performance access, even when overloaded, down, disconnected, under repair, under attack   Smart System – – Learns usage/adapts functions & interfaces   Managing Diversity – – Component plug-and-play; integrate sensors / actuators, hand-held appliances, workstations, building-sized cluster supercomputers   Always Connected – – Short-range wireless nets to high-bandwidth, high- latency long-haul optical backbones

Some SIS Design Research Problems  Sensor network level architecture  Culler, Pister, Rabaey, Brodersen, Boser,…  How to program, synch, maintain sensor net  Service architecture for distributed systems  Katz, Joseph, Kubiatowicz, Brewer, …  How to create, peer, interface services in real time  Adaptive data management and query processing  Franklin, Hellerstein, …  How to collect, summarize, filter, index sensor data  Human centered computing  Canny, Hearst, Landay, Mankoff, Morgan, Feldman, …  How to determine and support needs of diverse users

Some Foundational Research Problems  How do we make SISs secure?  Tygar, Wagner, Samuelson, …  Lightweight authentication and digital signatures  Graceful degradation after intrusion  Protecting privacy, impact of related legislation  How do we make SISs reliable?  Henzinger, Aiken, Necula, Sastry, Wagner, …  Complexity => hybrid modeling  Multi-aspect interfaces to reason about properties  Software quality => combined static/dynamic analysis  How do we make SISs available?  Patterson, Yelick, …  Repair-Centric Design  Availability modeling and benchmarking  Performance fault adaptation  What algorithms do we need?  Papadimitriou, Demmel, Jordan, …  Algorithm to design, operate and exploit data from SISs

Hardware and Software Building Blocks

Experimental Testbeds in UCB EECS Network Infrastructure GSM BTS Millennium Cluster WLAN / Bluetooth Pager IBM WorkPad CF788 MC-16 Motorola Pagewriter 2000 Velo Adaptive Broadband LMDS H.323 GW Nino Smart Classrooms Audio/Video Capture Rooms Pervasive Computing Lab CoLab Soda Hall CalRen/Internet2/NGI Smart Dust LCD Displays Wearable Displays

PicoRadio Extending the Scope and … Pushing the Envelope Cafe Offices Exhibits Wireless node Entrance

Smart Dust MEMS-Scale Sensors/Actuators/Communicators  Create a dynamic, ad-hoc network of power-aware sensors  Explore system design issues  Provide a platform to test Dust components  Use off the shelf components initially

Current One-Inch Networked Sensor Culler, Pister  1” x 1.5” motherboard  ATMEL 4Mhz, 8bit MCU, 512 bytes RAM, 8K pgm flash  900Mhz Radio (RF Monolithics) ft. range  Radio Signal strength control and sensing  Base-station ready  stackable expansion connector all ports, i2c, pwr, clock…  Several sensor boards  basic protoboard  tiny weather station (temp,light,hum,press)  vibrations (2d acc, temp, light)  accelerometers  magnetometers

TinyOS Approach  Stylized programming model with extensive static information  Program = graph of TOS components  TOS component = command/event interface + behavior  Rich expression of concurrency  Events propagate across many components  Tasks provide internal concurrency  Regimented storage management  Very simple implementation  For More see

Emerging “de facto” tiny system  Feb. 01 bootcamp  40 people  UCB, UCLA, USC, Cornell, Rutgers, Wash.,  LANL, Bosch, Accenture, Intel, crossbow  Several groups actively developing around tinyOS on “rene” node  Concurrency framework has held up well.  Next generation(s) selected as DARPA networked embedded system tech (NEST) open platform  Smaller building blocks for ubicomp

Micro Flying Insect  ONR MURI/ DARPA funded  Year 3 of 5 year project  Professors Dickinson, Fearing (PI), Liepmann, Majumdar, Pister, Sands, Sastry

Synthetic Insects (Smart Dust with Legs) Goal: Make silicon walk. Autonomous Articulated Size ~ 1-10 mm Speed ~ 1mm/s

MEMS Micro Sensor Networks (Smart Dust) MEMS Micro Sensor Networks (Smart Dust) MEMS Rotary Engine Power System MEMS Single Molecule Detection Systems MEMS “Mechanical” Micro Radios MEMS Immunological Sensors MEMS Technology Roadmap (Pisano/BSAC)

Organizational Building Blocks

CITRIS Director Prof. Ruzena Bajcsy   Distinguished engineer, member of NAE/NIM   Senior professor at UPenn, with appointments in CIS, MechE, Medical School   Established & ran major interdisciplinary research laboratory   Major leadership & management experience in DC federal agencies—Assistant Director, CISE, NSF   Served as Department Chair,   Highly influential among leaders of CS field and national research funding circles   Strong advocate for women in technical careers

CITRIS-Affiliated Research Activities (please send contributions!)  International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) (5 faculty, 18 students) studies network protocols and applications and speech and language-based human- centered computing.  Millennium Project (15 faculty) is developing a powerful, networked computational test bed of nearly 1,000 computers across campus to enable interdisciplinary research.  Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center (BSAC) (14 faculty, 100 students) is a world-leading effort specializing in micro-electromechanical devices (MEMS), micro-fluidic devices, and “smart dust.”  Microfabrication Laboratory (71 faculty, 254 students) is a campus-wide resource offering sophisticated processes for fabricating micro-devices and micro-systems.  Gigascale Silicon Research Center (GSRC) (23 faculty, 60 students) addresses problems in designing and testing complex, single-chip embedded systems using deep sub-micron technology.  Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC) (16 faculty, 114 students) is a consortium of companies and DARPA programs to support research in low- power wireless devices.

CITRIS-Affiliated Research Activities (continued)  Berkeley Information Technology and Systems (BITS) (20 faculty, 60 students) a new networking research center will address large emerging networking problems (EECS, ICSI, SIMS)  Berkeley Institute of Design (BID) (10 faculty) a new interdisciplinary center (EECS, ME, Haas, SIMS, IEOR, CDV, CED, Art Practice) to study the design of software, products and living spaces based on the convergence of design practices in information technology, industrial design, and architecture  Center for Image Processing and Integrated Computing (CIPIC) (8 faculty, 50 students) (UCD) focuses on data analysis, visualization, computer graphics, optimization, and electronic imaging of large-scale, multi-dimensional data sets.

Applications-Related Current Activities (please send contributions!)  Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways, PATH, (20 faculty, 70 students), a collaboration between UC, Caltrans, other universities, and industry to develop technology to improve transportation in California.  Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (15 faculty, 14 students) operates, collects, and studies data from a regional seismological monitoring system, providing earthquake information to state and local governments.  Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER ( 25 faculty, 15 students), a Berkeley-led NSF center, is a consortium of nine universities (including five UC campuses) working with industry and government to identify and reduce earthquake risks to safety and to the economy.  National Center of Excellence in Aviation Operations Research, NEXTOR (6 faculty, 12 students), a multi-campus center, models and analyzes complex airport and air traffic systems.

Applications-Related Current Activities (continued)  Center for the Built Environment (CBE) (19 faculty/staff) provides timely, unbiased information on promising new building technologies and design techniques.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)  National Energy Research Supercomputing Center (NERSC) provides high- performance computing tools and expertise that enable computational science of scale  Environmental Energy Technologies (EET) performs research and development leading to better energy technologies and reduction of adverse energy-related environmental impacts.  Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering (CEWRE) (9 faculty, 45 students) (UCD) applications of advanced methods to environmental and water management problems.

Financial Building Blocks

California Institutes in Science and Technology  Governor Gray Davis’ Initiative  $100M state funding for capital projects over 4 years--matched 2:1 by Federal, industrial, private support  Focus on “hot” areas for 21 st Century, limited to UC campuses  Three initially funded:  UCSF/UCB/UCSC (Bioinformatics)  UCLA/UCSB (Nanotechnology)  UCSD/UCI (Information Technology)  UCB-led CITRIS proposal in State budget

New CITRIS Facilities   Cory Refurbishment (Berkeley)   CITRIS Building (Berkeley)   Engineering Building (Santa Cruz)   CITRIS Network (Davis, Berkeley, Merced, SC) Cory Hall EECS Cory Hall EECS Soda Hall EECS Soda Hall EECS

Committed Support from Industry Founding Corporate Members of CITRIS  We have received written pledges to CITRIS of over $170 million from individuals and corporations committed to the CITRIS long- range vision

Large NSF ITR Award  $7.5M over 5 years  Support for 30 faculty (Berkeley, Davis) for subset of CITRIS  2 applications:  Energy (Rabaey, Pister, Arens, Sastry)  Disaster Response (Fenves, Glaser, Kanafani, Demmel)  Most SW aspects of systems, no hardware  Service architecture (Katz, Joseph)  Data/Query management (Franklin, Hellerstein)  Human Centered Computing (Canny, Hearst, Landay, Saxenian)  Data Visualization (Hamann, Max, Joy, Ma, Yoo)  Sensor Network Architecture (Culler, Pister) (in original proposal, reduced support)  Collaboration with UC Merced 

CommerceNet Incubator  State-funded NGI (Next Generation Internet) incubator   At Bancroft/Shattuck in shared CCIT space   Companies will incubate and collaborate with CITRIS faculty and students  Kalil, Demmel, Sastry, Teece (advisors)   Companies chosen for closeness to CITRIS

WEbS - Wireless Embedded Systems WEbS - Wireless Embedded Systems  $2.44M from DARPA’s Networked Embedded Systems (NEST) program  Culler, Brewer, Wagner, Sastry, Pister, 13 students  Development of “rene” node and tinyOS  Upcoming Boot Camp to program nodes

Other support  Long list, at least $27M  More pending  More proposals being written

Putting the “Social” into CITRIS Courtesy of John Canny, Tom Kalil More input requested!

Bringing the “social” into CITRIS  CITRIS needs to engage  Sociologists  Economists  Anthropologists  Lawyers  Political scientists  Scholars of public policy  Business-school faculty  …

Possible roles for Social Scientists  Address risks (e.g. privacy of sensor nets)  Examine deployment issues associated with SISs  Economic, social, legal factors in rate of deployment  User-centered design (e.g. ethnography)  Suggest new application areas or themes  Broader ethical, legal, social implications of the Information Revolution  See web page for more extensive document  click on “Kick Off”

Energy Efficiency Detailed Example

The Inelasticity of California’s Electrical Supply MW $/MWh Power-exchange market price for electricity versus load (California, Summer 2000)

How to Address the Inelasticity of the Supply  Spread demand over time (or reduce peak)  Make cost of energy visible to end-user function of load curve (e.g. hourly pricing)  “demand-response” approach  Reduce average demand (demand side)  Eliminate wasteful consumption  Improve efficiency of equipment and appliances  Improve efficiency of generation and distribution network (supply side) Enabled by Information!

Energy Consumption in Buildings (US 1997) End Use Residential Commercial Space heating Space cooling Water heating Refrigerator/Freezer Lighting Cooking Clothes dryers Color TVs Ventilation/Furnace fans Office equipment Miscellaneous Total Source: Interlaboratory Working Group, 2000 (Units: quads per year = 1.05 EJ y -1 )

A Three-Phase Approach  Phase 1: Passive Monitoring  The availability of cheap, connected (wired or wireless) sensors makes it possible for the end-user to monitor energy-usage of buildings and individual appliances and act there-on.  Primary feedback on usage  Monitor health of the system (30% inefficiency!)  Phase 2: Quasi-Active Monitoring and Control  Combining the monitoring information with instantaneous feedback on the cost of usage closes the feedback loop between end-user and supplier.  Phase 3: Active Energy-Management through Feedback and Control—Smart Buildings and Intelligent Appliances  Adding instantaneous and distributed control functionality to the sensoring and monitoring functions increases energy efficiency and user comfort

Smart Buildings Dense wireless network of sensor, control, and actuator nodes Task/ambient conditioning systems allow conditioning in small, localized zones, to be individually controlled by building occupants and environmental conditions Joined projects between BWRC/BSAC, School of Architecture (CBE), Civil Engineering, and IEOR with Berkeley and Santa Cruz

A Proof-of-Concept: A six month demonstration, already underway!  “Easy”:  Fully instrument a number of buildings on campus with networked light and temperature sensors in every room, and make the data available on a centralized web-site.  “Medium”:  Make a wireless power monitor with a standard 3-prong feedthrough receptacle so that people can monitor power consumption of electronic devices as a function of time.  Similar device, but passively coupled to high-power wiring to monitor total power consumption through breaker boxes. This would give us a much finer granularity of power-consumption details, and let us look at clusters of rooms, floors, etc.  Fully instrument the campus power distribution system  “Hard”:  Real-time monitoring and control of hundreds of power systems on campus. Enforce compliance with load reduction. Charge/reward departments according to their use during peak times. Leaders: Pister, Culler, Trent, Sastry, Rabaey

Energy References   Click on Smart Energy  Severin Borenstein’s paper on California’s electricity deregulation disaster  haas.berkeley.edu/~borenste/CATrouble.pdf haas.berkeley.edu/~borenste/CATrouble.pdf

Next Steps

How to participate  You probably are already (in technology)  Get the big picture  Application motivation important  Participate in interdisciplinary collaborations  On-line material     Other faculty pages  Workshops  Mote Boot Camp by Culler on Oct 17 webs.cs.berkeley.edu/bootcamp.html  More being planned on applications and technology  What is the future of information technology?  Increasingly, symbiosis with other fields, impact on society