Health 4250 Eating Disorders Adapted from a presentation by Gordon James, Jennifer Turley & Kim Hyatt Weber State University

Quiz There are two types of body fat: essential fat and storage fat. There is a healthy range of body fat and it is the same for men and women. 30 percent body fat is healthy for women. If your body fat goes above healthy range, you are at increased risk for developing certain diseases.

Quiz It doesn’t matter whether you carry your fat around your waist or your hips or thighs. Fat is fat! The more lean body mass (muscle) you have, the easier it is to maintain your weight. Strength (“resistance”) training can help you increase your lean body mass.

Quiz Aiming to lower your percent body fat is always better. When you lose weight, you lose both lean mass and fat. To lose weight, it doesn’t matter what kind of method you use as long as your weight goes down.

What is Obesity Body fatness significantly in excess of the level that is consistent with optimal health.

How is Obesity Measured? Obesity is defined by Body Mass Index BMI = weight (kg)/height (m) 2 For Adults: A BMI score of , is overweight and a BMI score of ≥ 30 is obese. For children, BMI is age and gender specific.

Overweight > 95 th percentile Risk of overweight > 85 th to < 95 th percentile

Prevalence of Overweight Among U.S. Children and Adolescents *Gender- and age-specific BMI > the 95th percentile Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) ~ 4.7 million youth (6-17 years old) are overweight or obese.

Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults 1991 Source: Mokdad A H, et al. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:16, 2001;286:10.

Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults 2001 Source: Mokdad A H, et al. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:16, 2001;286:10.

Root Causes of Obesity

Food Guide Pyramid Realities in school-age children Only 2% meet the Food Guide Pyramid model for all food groups. <30% eat the recommended amount from any 1 food group. More than 84% over consume total fat & Sat. Fat. 51% eat < 1 serving fruit/day. 29% eat < 1 serving of vegetable/day that is not fried. All age groups have shifted from milk & real fruit juice to soda & fruit drinks –loaded with added sugar.

Diminished Exercise & Fitness Television Video Games Internet Decreased aerobic activity in PE Class Increased powered transportation (urban design) Only 25% of year olds participate in light to moderate activity everyday.

Genetics Humans do have genes favoring energy intake and storage. 70+ loci, genes, or markers may contribute to a susceptibility to obesity. But, the obesity epidemic is accounted for by ONLY environmental factors as the gene pool has not changed over the last 15 years % of Obesity Is Due to Genetic Factors

Why is Obesity of Concern? Chronic diseases & Medical Conditions Heart disease Cancer Stroke Type 2 diabetes Depression High blood pressure High blood cholesterol & triglycerides High blood sugar.

Overweight & Obesity: A Public Health Priority Adopting a life-long healthy lifestyle –Increase “purposeful” activity –Decrease sedentary behaviors –Improve dietary choices –Use available support mechanisms to promote and retain behavior changes. Prevention & Intervention to improve health & reduce risk. Everyone needs to be involved.

Focal Points Families: – 31% of adolescents eat 1x/day with family. – 52% watch TV while eating. Businesses (worksite) Health care organizations Communities Media: targets preference for high fat/sugar foods & social factors. Schools

 Schools reach > 95% of all children and adolescents age  Of the 53.2 million school-age children and adolescents, 27 million participate in NSLP with 7.4 in SBP.  Food Service: Plan NSLP & SBP.  Control Pricing, Vending machines, Snack bars.  Provide enough time to eat right

Process for Success Create Consistent policies & messages. Change environment to match policy, consider cultural & social factors. Implement curriculum and instructions (PE, Health, integrate with Science, etc). Provide safe extracurricular activities. Involve families. Train everyone involved. Provide services & programs. Evaluate.

Dissatisfaction with body 12.6% US females, 5.5% males took diet pills… 7.8% females, 2.9% males vomited, laxatives… 68.4% females, 51% males exercise…

Anorexia/Bulimia 25-50% of body weight lost Falsely characterized as “epidemic” Far more common among females North America and Europe Affluent and educated

Media

Onset Genetics and hormones Psychological factors Culture