Components Review

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition2 WLAN Devices In-building Infrastructure 1200 Series (802.11a and b) 1100 Series (802.11b) 350 Series (802.11b) not shown Bridging 350 Series (802.11b) BR350 WGB Series (802.11a)

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition3 Antennas Antenna 2.4GHz Antennas 5 GHz Antennas

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition4 Cable, Accessories, Wireless IP Phone Cable and Accessories Low Loss Cable Antenna Mounts Lightening Arrestor Wireless IP Phone

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition5 Client Adapters Clients (NICs) 350 Series (802.11b) 5 GHz client adapter (802.11a) Drivers are supported for all popular operating systems, including Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP, Mac OS Version 9.x, and Linux.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition6 Cisco Aironet 350 Series Mini PCI Adapter 2.4 GHz/802.11b embedded wireless for notebooks 100 mW transmit power Must order through PC manufactures (not orderable directly through Cisco)

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition7 Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Access Point Aironet 1100 supports b b is upgradeable to g with a mini-PCI replacement.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition Series Access Point An access point (AP) acts as the center point of a stand- alone wireless network or as the connection point between wireless and wired networks. May provide roaming functionality with multiple APs. Aironet 1200 is a dual-band AP that supports both b and a b is upgradeable to g with a mini-PCI replacement.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition9 Cisco Aironet WLAN Solutions for the Enterprise Cisco Aironet 1100 SeriesCisco Aironet 1200 Series Intelligent Enterprise Services at a Lower Total Cost Outstanding Enterprise Performance and Greatest Flexibility Single b radio (upgradable to g with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)) Dual-mode a and b support (upgradable to g with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)) Integrated diversity dipole antennas for simplified deployment Two 2.4 GHz antenna connectors for high gain diversity antennas; integrated 5 GHz antennas Indoor environmental specifications, durable plastic case Industrial environmental specifications, rugged metal case Extra memory and system capacity for future releases Inline and Local Power Cisco IOS-based operating system Cisco IOS operating system QOS, VLANs, and Proxy Mobile IP

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition10 Bridges – BR350 BR350 is designed to connect two or more networks, typically located in different buildings. The BR350 wireless bridges provide up to 11 Mbps speed. The bridge is ideal for indoor or outdoor installations subject to plenum rating and harsh environments.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition11 Bridges – WGB350 Cisco Aironet 350 Series Workgroup Bridge (WGB350) quickly connects up to eight Ethernet- enabled laptops or other portable computers to a wireless WLAN, providing an 11 Mbps link from these devices to any Cisco Aironet b AP or Wireless Bridge. This bridge is for indoor use only.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition12 Bridges – 1400 Cisco Aironet 1400 Series Bridge operates at speeds up to 54 Mbps. High-performance a wireless bridge designed to connect multiple LANs in a metro area. The 1400 can only operate outdoors in a fixed point-to-point or point-to-multipoint application.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition13 Cisco Aironet Wireless Bridging Solutions Cisco Aironet 350 SeriesCisco Aironet 1400 Series Wireless Bridging at a Lower Total Cost Wireless Bridging with high performance Single b radio with data rates up to 11 Mbps Single a radio with data rates up to 54 Mbps 3 miles typical point to point range with directional antennas at 11 Mbps 7.5 miles typical point to point range with directional antennas at 54 Mbps Two 2.4 GHz antenna connectors for high gain diversity antennas Single 5.8 GHz integrated patch array antenna or antenna connector for remote antennas Indoor industrial environmental specifications, rugged metal case Outdoor environmental specifications, tested to NEMA 4 Inline and Local PowerInline Power via Power Injector LR VxWorks based operating systemCisco IOS operating system QOS, VLANs, and Proxy Mobile IP Statistics via telnetAntenna Alignment feedback via LEDs and RSSI port and statistics via telnet

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition14 Antennas A variety of optional 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz antennas are available for Cisco wireless devices. Antennas should be chosen carefully to ensure that optimum range and coverage is obtained Coupling the right antenna with the right AP allows for efficient coverage in any facility, as well as better reliability at higher data rates. A detailed coverage of antennas will be provided later in the course.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition15 Antennas 2.4 GHz5 GHz Indoor and Outdoor WLAN and Bridging Outdoor Bridging

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition16 Beyond Laptops: Other Enabled Devices PDA’s Phones Printers Projectors Tablet PC’s Security Cameras Barcode scanners Custom devices for vertical markets: –Healthcare –Manufacturing –Retail –Restaurants HP iPAQ 5450 PDA Compaq Tablet PC HHP Barcode Scanner Epson Printer Sharp M25X Projector SpectraLink Phone

“Business-Class”vs Consumer WLAN Industry has segmented: consumer vs. business “Cisco” offers only “business- class” products: –Security –Upgradeability –Network management –Advanced features –Choice of antennas –Highest throughput –Scalability

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition18 Consumer wireless products There is a real difference in functionality and administrative capabilities between Business-class and Consumer wireless products.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition19 Wireless LAN Topologies

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition20 Wireless LAN Topologies Without a wireless alternative, organizations frequently resort to wide area networking (WAN) technologies to link together separate facilities. Contracting for leased-line or other wide-area services often presents a variety of drawbacks: Installation is typically expensive and rarely immediate Monthly fees are often quite high for bandwidth A wireless bridge can typically be purchased and installed in a day with no recurring charges.

Wireless LAN Market

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition22 Implications Over the last decade, the networking and wireless communities expected each year to become the year of the WLAN. WLAN technology had some false starts in the 1990s, for a variety of reasons. Immature technology, security concerns, and slow connectivity speeds kept WLAN technology from becoming a viable alternative to wired LANs.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition23 WLAN growth and applications Don’t know the source of this and there is considerable debate whether a will win out over b/g

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition24 Momentum is Building in Wireless LANs Wireless LANs are an “addictive” technology Strong commitment to Wireless LANs by technology heavy-weights –Cisco, IBM, Intel, Microsoft Embedded market is growing –Laptop PC’s with “wireless inside” –PDA’s are next The WLAN market is expanding from Industry-Specific Applications, to Universities, Homes, & Offices Professional installers and technicians will be in demand

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition25 Wireless LANs Are Taking Off ($ Billions) Source: Forward Concepts, 2003 Future Growth Due To: Standards High Bandwidth Needs Low Cost Embedded in Laptops Variety of Devices Voice + Data Multiple Applications Security Issues Solved Ease of Deployment Network Mgmt. Tools Enterprise Adoption Worldwide WLAN Market *includes embedded clients, add-on client cards, & infrastructure equipment for both the business and consumer segments CAGR = 43%

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition26 Four main requirements for a WLAN solution 1.High availability — High availability is achieved through system redundancy and proper coverage-area design. 2.Scalability — Scalability is accomplished by supporting multiple APs per coverage area, which use multiple frequencies. APs can also perform load balancing, if desired. 3.Manageability — Diagnostic tools represent a large portion of management within WLANs. Customers should be able to manage WLAN devices through industry standard APIs, including SNMP and Web, or through major enterprise management applications like CiscoWorks 2000, Cisco Stack Manager, and Cisco Resource Monitor. 4.Open architecture — Openness is achieved through adherence to standards such as a and b, participation in interoperability associations such as the Wi-Fi Alliance, and certification such as U.S. FCC certification.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition27 Other requirements Security — It is essential to encrypt data packets transmitted through the air. For larger installations, centralized user authentication and centralized management of encryption keys are also required. Cost — Customers expect continued reductions in price of 15 to 30 percent each year, and increases in performance and security. Customers are concerned not only with purchase price but also with total cost of ownership (TCO), including costs for installation.

Challenges and Issues

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition29 Radio Signal Interference Network managers must ensure that different channels are utilized. Interference cannot always be detected until the link is actually implemented. Because the standards use unlicensed spectrum, changing channels is the best way to avoid interference. If someone installs a link that interferes with a wireless link, the interference is probably mutual.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition30 Radio Signal Interference Many other devices such as portable phones, microwave ovens, wireless speakers, and security devices, also use these frequencies. It is possible for electromagnetic interference (EMI) to be generated by non-radio equipment operating in close proximity to the Cisco Aironet WLAN equipment. While it is theoretically possible for this interference to directly affect the reception and transmission of signals, it is more likely to affect the components of the transmitter. To minimize the possible effects of EMI, the best course of action is to isolate the radio equipment from potential sources of EMI.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition31 Power Consumption Power consumption is always an issue with laptops, because the power and the battery have limited lives a uses a higher frequency (5 GHz) than a/g (2.4 GHz) which requires higher power and more of a drain on batteries.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition32 Interoperability Non-standard (for now) devices include: Repeater APs Universal Clients (Workgroup Bridges) Wireless Bridges Cisco bridges, like many other vendor bridges, are proprietary implementations of the standard and therefore vendor interoperability cannot be attained.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition33 Wireless LAN Security: Lessons “War Driving” Hacking into WEP Lessons: Security must be turned on (part of the installation process) Employees will install WLAN equipment on their own (compromises security of your entire network) WEP keys can be easily broken (businesses need better security)

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition34 Wireless LAN Security Security in the IEEE specification— which applies to b, a, and g—has come under intense scrutiny. Researchers have exposed several vulnerabilities. As wireless networks grow, the threat of intruders from the inside and outside is great. Attackers called “war drivers” are continually driving around searching for insecure WLANs to exploit.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition35 Wireless LAN Security The IEEE enhanced Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) which provides robust authentication options with 802.1x to make based wireless LANs secure. We will also look at WPA (WiFi Protected Access, TKIP + MIC) At the same time, the IEEE is looking for stronger encryption mechanisms. The IEEE has adopted the use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to the data-privacy section of the proposed i standard.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition36 Reliability and Connectivity Wireless LANs include mechanisms to improve the reliability of the packet transmissions to be at least the same level as wired Ethernet. Using the TCP/IP protocols will help protect the network against any loss or corruption of data over the air. Most WLAN systems use spread-spectrum technology or orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM).We will look at these in much more detail later. Too much to go into right now.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition37 Installation and Site Design Issues— Bridging

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition38 Installation and Site Design Issues—WLAN

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition39 Health Issues

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition40 IEEE Standards Activities a:5GHz, 54Mbps b:2.4GHz, 11Mbps d:Multiple regulatory domains e:Quality of Service (QoS) f:Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) g:2.4GHz, 54Mbps h:Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC) i:Security j:Japan 5GHz Channels ( GHz) k:Measurement