Napoleon and the French Revolution

Napoleon and Revolution I. Background ( ) Coup d’Etat of 18 Brumaire II.The Paradox of Napoleon Illusion of Democracy Reality of Empire 1802: Consul for Life 1804: Emperor III. Napoleon and the Romantic Swing Beethoven and Eroica Goya, Spanish Resistance, & Nationalism Resurgence of Nationalism

Napoleon and Revolution IV. Napoleon’s Achievements Stability of Revolution Concordat of 1801 Government Reforms Napoleonic Code War and Empire: Constitutional System, Confederation of the Rhine V.The Undoing of Napoleon and of the Revolution War with Russia (1812) and scorched earth policy March 1814: Napoleon’s abdication and exile to Elba March 1815: 100 Days18 June 1815: Waterloo VI. Lasting Significance of Napoleon VII. Congress of Vienna and the Alliance System

Young Napoleon Bonapart in Italy “The Bridge at Arcole”

Napoleon Timeline Napoleon’s Coup D’Etat & New Constitution Consul for Life Peace of Amiens- Peace w/Britain Emperor & Coronation Napoleonic Code 1801 Concordat W/ Pius 7 th Battles: Trafalgar & Austerlitz Russia withdraws from Continental System Russian Campaign Waterloo June Confederation of the Rhine Continental System 1814 Congress of Vienna Nap. Returns From Elba March 1815 Congress of Vienna 1821 Nap. dies Napoleon Conquers most of Europe 2 nd Coalition Against France Nap.-makes peace Napoleon Abdicates Elba Exile March 1814 Nap’s Retreat

Did Napoleon Push Revolution Forward? Or did he reject it? Illusion of Democracy: New more conservative constitution in 1799 Freedom of speech curbed Universal male suffrage But illusory representative government Reality of Empire “authority from above, confidence from below” 1802: Consul for life 1804: Hereditary emperor “The government of the republic is entrusted to an emperor”

Birth of an Emperor (2 December 1804) “Emperor of the French” (vs. Consul of the Republic)

From Consul to Emperor

Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon: Beethoven’s Swing Symphony #3: Originally Bonaparte Symphony “EROICA”: In Memory of a Hero Tears up Dedication 1804 Premiered in Vienna April 7, Dec. 1805: Battle of Austerlitz Ludwig Von Beethoven ( ) Nature, Emotion, Common Humanity Reflects uncertainty of period over impact of French Revolution –Admired Napoleon in his early days

Romanticizing the Nation Idea of the Nation Idea of the Nation Overcoming Tyranny & Breaking free from the Past Overcoming Tyranny & Breaking free from the Past Writers like Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron Writers like Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron Philosophers and Nationalists like Johann Fichte ( ) in Germany and Giuseppe Mazzini ( ) in Italy Philosophers and Nationalists like Johann Fichte ( ) in Germany and Giuseppe Mazzini ( ) in Italy Historians & Philosophers Historians & Philosophers G.W.F. Hegel ( ) and the Struggle of the World Spirit G.W.F. Hegel ( ) and the Struggle of the World Spirit Composers like: Composers like: Chopin, Polonaises (Polish Pieces) Chopin, Polonaises (Polish Pieces) Franz List, “Hungarian Rhapsodies” Franz List, “Hungarian Rhapsodies” Smetana, “Ma Vlast” (My Country) Smetana, “Ma Vlast” (My Country) Delacroix, Greece Dying on the Ruins of Missolonghi (1827) Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux

Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon: Goya’s Outrage Francisco de Goya, “Third of May, 1808”

Two Different Romantic Visions Constable, “Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows”, 1831 Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People” 1830

Napoleon’s Achievements Revolution Stabilized Revolution Stabilized Stability within France Stability within France Concordat 1801 Concordat 1801 basis of church/state relations till 1900s basis of church/state relations till 1900s Begins “reconciliation” with Catholic Church Begins “reconciliation” with Catholic Church Gov’t retains a say in naming of bishops Gov’t retains a say in naming of bishops Catholicism recognized as “religion of the majority” Catholicism recognized as “religion of the majority” France on the move across Europe France on the move across Europe Reorganization of Government Reorganization of Government Rationalization and Centralization of State Rationalization and Centralization of State Bank of France (1800) Bank of France (1800) Education Education Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) (1804) Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) (1804) a) Rationalization b)Property c) workers a) Rationalization b)Property c) workers War and Empire War and Empire Use of his Grande Armée, Confederation of Rhine Use of his Grande Armée, Confederation of Rhine Satellite Kingdoms, Continental System Satellite Kingdoms, Continental System

Napoleonic Empire: 1810 Continental System

The Impact of the Napoleonic Code

1812: The Russian Campaign and the Undoing of Napoleon

Long-term Significance of Napoleon Domestic changes and Imperial Changes Domestic changes and Imperial Changes Consolidation of German States Consolidation of German States Impact of Napoleonic Code Impact of Napoleonic Code The Idea of La Nation The Idea of La Nation New diplomacy: The Alliance System New diplomacy: The Alliance System Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806) not revived Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806) not revived

Turning back the Revolution: The Congress of Vienna, Restoration, and the Alliance System Metternich (1773–1859): Austrian Foreign Minister Metternich (1773–1859): Austrian Foreign Minister Agreements: Sept. 1814–Nov Agreements: Sept. 1814–Nov New Territorial Boundaries (non-vindicative) New Territorial Boundaries (non-vindicative) Restoration of European Monarchies and Louis XVIII Restoration of European Monarchies and Louis XVIII Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother) ( ) Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother) ( ) Legitimacy of Monarchy Legitimacy of Monarchy Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in 1806) Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in 1806) The German Confederation The German Confederation Balance of Powers: no one state would be allowed to dominate Europe Balance of Powers: no one state would be allowed to dominate Europe

Quadruple Alliance and the “Concert of Europe” Quadruple Alliance and the “Concert of Europe” Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia The Defeat of Liberal Revolution and Liberalism The Defeat of Liberal Revolution and Liberalism Rejection of democracy, republicanism and nationalism Rejection of democracy, republicanism and nationalism Assertion of a new Conservatism Assertion of a new Conservatism

“A World Restored”: The 1815 Settlement

The Legacy of the French Revolution: The Battle of Ideologies Ideology: importance of ideas in political affairs Ideology: importance of ideas in political affairs Body of ideas reflecting social needs or aspirations of an individual, group, class or culture Body of ideas reflecting social needs or aspirations of an individual, group, class or culture Spectrum of Ideologies that emerge from French Revolution Spectrum of Ideologies that emerge from French Revolution RightLeft Conservatism Liberalism

Understanding Conservatism and Liberalism LiberalismConservatism Congress of Vienna & Holy Alliance Defends landed interests and tradition Stability Needs to justify need for old order Natural change: slow progression Restoration of old order Institutions > Individual Advocates: landed classes, monarchy, established church Fears: democracy and mobs Nationalism Enlightenment Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution European revolutions of 1820s & 1830s Defends propertied interests and constitutions Attacks privilege “Natural rights” but… Distinctions between active and passive citizenship Basic belief in change and progress Individual > Institutions Limited role of Government In favor of industrialization, capitalism, free markets Advocates: middle classes (bourgeoisie) Fears: mass democracy (the working class)

Battle of Friedland

Europe in 1812

The Retreat from Russia

Retreat from Moscow

Return of Napoleon from Elba

Evening of waterloo