Rock Structures Mt. St. Helens, October 2004. Igneous Structures: Plutons, Volcanoes, & Lava Flows (Oh, My!)

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Presentation transcript:

Rock Structures Mt. St. Helens, October 2004

Igneous Structures: Plutons, Volcanoes, & Lava Flows (Oh, My!)

Plutons

Name this Igneous Feature… Igneous Dike

Plutonic Structures Xenoliths Source: William E. Ferguson

Why do we find Plutons at the Surface? Sierra Nevada Mountains Batholith, California Uplift & Erosion

Volcanic Structures Mafic vs. Intermediate/Felsic

Mafic Eruptions: Passive Lava Flows

Lava Flows

Aa Lava Flows

Pahoehoe Lava Flows

“Window” into Lava Tube

Lava Tubes

Pillow Structure

Pillow Structures

Columnar Structures

Shield Volcano

Summit Caldera

Cinder Cones

Flood Basalt Flows

Felsic Eruptions: Explosive Ash and Thick Lava Flows

Stratovolcano

Lava Dome

Ash Flow Caldera

Ash-Flow Caldera: Crater Lake, Oregon

Pyroclastic Flow

Sedimentary Structures

Stratafication Bedding (1-300 cm) Laminations (<1 cm) Massive Strata (>300 cm)

Inter-Bed Structures (within strata) Graded Beds Cross Beds Dropstones Outcrop of turbidites, Carboniferous, northwestern China.

Graded Beds Death Valley, CA

Cross Beds Zion National Park, UT

Dropstones Norway

Intra-Bed Structures (on the surface of strata) Ripple Marks Mudcracks Raindrop Impressions

Ripple Marks

Mudcracks Glacier National Park, MT

Raindrop Impressions

Fossils

Trace Fossils Worm Burrows: Middle Silurian, Grimsby Formation, Hamilton, Ontario Coprolites Miocene Mammal (WA)