1 World Energy Use

2 Outline 1.Contexts for energy discussion. 2.Global energy use. 3.Regional energy use. 4.Global imbalance in energy use. 5.Global energy in the future.

3 1. Contexts for energy discussion Large number of different types of energy resources and their associated uses. Problems of statistics and using these to build an accurate picture of global and regional energy availability. Variety and complexity of environmental impacts at all stages from exploration to end use and disposal, and how these vary among energy resource types. Separating factual information, or at least reasonable assumptions, from deliberate mis-information, and from wishful thinking.

4 Contexts for energy discussion There are many linkages between energy and important issues of our lives: material consumption and lifestyles. preferred gov’t strategies re. economic growth. national politics (eg., oil exploration in ANWR) international politics (e.g., conflict over Kyoto). Even the “experts” disagree on many aspects of energy production and supply.

5 Concepts of resource growth & depletion Have to take into account three factors: annual production - a product of the previous year’s figure plus the growth rate of the resource cumulative production to a given date annual depletion rate This incorporates both ongoing production and depletion of the resource.

6 Concepts of resource growth & depletion Assumptions regarding non-renewable resource availability: increases exponentially in use. (eg. follows human population growth). production levels eventually decrease compared to resource use levels (i.e., use exceeds new discoveries). experiences a decline in availability until eventual depletion and exhaustion (commercial or actual). new discoveries and other additions to economically feasible resources influence the pattern of growth and decline. unexpected scenarios, such as substitution or conservation.

7 Three Phases of a Non-Renewable Resource

8 Depletion Curve with Additional Reserves

9 Impact of Conservation or Substitution

10 Classification of Energy Resources Non-Renewable Fossil Fuels Oil Coal Natural gas Nuclear Renewable Hydro Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass

11 2. Global Energy use Of all demands placed on the world’s natural resource base, the most basic yet far-reaching is the need for energy. Energy is used for: heat for living & cooking. lighting and refrigeration. powering machines for industrial production. turns motors for transportation of people and goods. Everyone depends on daily energy for physical health and economic prosperity.

12 Industrial Revolution Pre-Industrial Revolution Energy reliance was based on renewable sources: primarily wood and charcoal but also dung, peat, animal fats. Industrial revolution -- co-development of two resources: steel and coal. coal provided the energy source which made large-scale production of steel possible. steel provided the demand that led to the use of coal to power- drive stem engines and factories. Development of coal coincided with dwindling wood supplies, especially in the vicinity of growing urban areas.

13 Coal vs. oil Exploitation of coal came about as the result of the combination of: dwindling supply of the existing fuel supply. development of a new technology which could use coal. Early oil use: developed in Europe and USA in 1850’s, mainly as a lubricant for machines, partially for lighting. 1860’s-1870’s – internal combustion engine was developed. first autos using internal combustion engine in production by 1890’s. by 1910, large-scale production if cars was possible.

14 Late 20 th century Transition in energy use to oil resulted not from an existing shortage but from a new technology: energy source – oil. technology – internal combustion engine. World energy use expanded rapidly in second half of 20th century; driven by several factors: expansion of world industrial economy in post-WWII boom. growth was broad-based (residential and commercial sectors, industry, transport) increased number of automobiles.

15 World commercial energy supply (by end of 20 th century) Oil ____% Nuclear ____% Hydro ____% Natural gas ____% Coal ____%

16 Top energy consumers, by country (2004) Energy use includes oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear & hydro-electric.

17 Top energy consumers, by country (2004) Energy use includes oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear & hydro-electric.

18 Share of total energy consumption by region (by end of 20 th century) N. America ____% C. & S. America ____% W. Europe ____% Africa ____% Japan & ANZAC ____% Middle East ____% Asia ____% E. Europe & Russia ____%

19 Energy production in the 20 th century Total and per capita consumption of energy have grown exponentially in the 20 th century. _____ increase in global population. _____ increase in energy consumption. Per capita global energy consumption has __________.

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23 Energy production in the USA

24 World energy production Three distinct episodes of slow growth:

25 World total primary energy source

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29 Energy consumption - USA 1 petajoule = 170,000,000 barrels of crude oil

30 Overall trends in energy use All types of energy use have varied in both production and consumption; most of this has been due to increases rather than decreases. The relative importance of energy types has changed significantly. There are many regional variations for all energy types.

31 A bit of perspective on the BIG picture

32 3. Regional energy use North America _______ of world population. accounts for about 1/3 of world GDP. South America _______________ population. accounts for about 5% of world GDP.

33 Energy consumption in the Americas

34 Energy consumption in the Americas (Btu)

35 Per capita GDP spent on energy (1997)

36 4. Global imbalance in energy use Patterns of energy use vary not only temporally but spatially as well. This has significant implications regarding:

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40 5. Global energy in the future Forecasting the future of energy difficult due to: wishful thinking – confusion about what should happen and what will/might happen. uncertainty – future cannot be foretold because:

41 Assumptions about the future of energy economics & price. future discoveries. development of new technologies. economic growth. people’s attitudes, values, energy-using behaviour. choices that are made in related areas, e.g., greenhouse gases, other air pollutants, etc. global political scene (OPEC,US foreign policy).

42 Next Class Hydro Energy