Distinctive Features of American Electoral Politics 1.Fixed intervals rhythm and planning ahead  endless campaigns? breathing room divorced from policy.

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Distinctive Features of American Electoral Politics 1.Fixed intervals rhythm and planning ahead  endless campaigns? breathing room divorced from policy performance and public opinion 2.Winner-take-all, single member districts, typically with plurality winners (exceptions: southern run-offs, EC, etc.) minor parties are irrelevant 3.Consequences: -two large heterogeneous parties -internal negotiation and moderation -convergence on the median voter (?)

4.Primary elections transform parties the rise of the direct primary and the eclipse of party organizations the caucus system for nominating candidates advantages and disadvantages: what role conventions? 5.Campaign finance 1. FECA of 1971 and its amendments: FEC, contribution limits, PACs, federal funding of presidential elections 2. McCain-Feingold (BCRA) goal is to close loopholes: eliminate soft money restrict issue advocacy ads increase contribution limits 3. The challenge: campaign finance regulation with free speech Supreme Court has recognized this will be an ongoing challenge

6.The Electoral College -state electors=size of state congressional delegation -electors chosen “in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct” -the Nov. election chooses electors -nomination of electors -the winner must win a majority of the Electors (or else the House decides) 7.“Problem 1”: faithless elector problem 8.“Problem 2”: popular vote winner need not win

9.Effect 1: exaggerated vote for winner -a manufactured landslide? 10. Effect 2: bias toward SMALLEST states -smallest state receives three electoral votes 11. Effect 3: the LARGE state bias -every candidate’s nightmare: losing California by 1 vote 12.Effect 4: the competitive state bias -why don’t candidates come to California anymore?

11. Reform proposal 1: bind the electors 12. Reform proposal 2: proportionally divide the electors 13. Reform proposal 3: direct vote with a runoff if needed 14. Direct vote problems: weakens two parties, weakens federalism, weakens states 15. As goes Maine, so goes Nebraska!