Marine Ecology 海洋生態學 邵廣昭 1998 國立編輯館 明文書局 Nybakken & Bertness 2005 Marine Biology, 6th Ed., Pearson, San Francisco 陳宏遠 海 A

Marine Environment Sea water Geography & geomorphology Water masses Marine vs. terrestrial environments

Ocean: 70% 3800m 1.4 x m 3

Water: hydrogen bond Cohesion Surface tension Viscosity: temperature; salinity

Water: heat Heat capacity Latent heat: vaporization & freeze

Sea water: Salinity: ppt; % o ; psu 34.8 psu: conductivity; refractory index; chlorinity Chloride: 55.04%; Sodium: 30.16%; Sulfate: 7.68%; Magnesium: 3.69%; Calcium: 1.16%; potassium: 1.1% (99.28%) Bicarbonate; Bromide; Boric; Strontium (Sr) (++ = 99.99%)

Organic and inorganic compounds are dissolved because of H-bonds Molecular polarity dissolves salts

Seawater: 99.99% % Inorganic salt: phosphate PO 4 -3 and nitrate NO 3 -2 SiO 2 Most limiting elements in aquatic systems: P (in freshwater); N (in marine environment)

Seawater: Oxygen minimum Dissolved oxygen: DO saturation 35 psu 0 o C 8 ml/liter vs 20 o C 5.4 ml/liter Oxygen minimum zone

Tropical Atlantic Tropical East Pacific

Seawater: pH DO (dissolution) vs. CO 2 (chemical reaction) CO2+H20 Carbonate buffering system

Seawater:pH DO vs. CO 2 Bicarbonate buffering system CO2+H20 pH 7.5 ~ 8.4

Physical factors affecting marine life: Temperature: Q10; warm vs. cold blooded Solar radiation: PAR Salinity: Osmoregulation Density: soft tissue density Pressure: 1 atm = 10m; swim bladder, diving

Ekman spiral

Atlantic ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Sea vs. Land Density: 830x Viscosity: 60x Sound speed: 4x Conductivity: x Heat capacity:

Sea vs. Land: Food source: Protein vs. Carbohydrates Feeding: Filter feeding vs. Grazing Gravity: Light: Oxygen:

Sea vs. Land: 33 phyla Sea: 32 phyla (14 endemic) Land: 12 phyla (1 endemic) Land: 90% belong to Phylum arthropoda Sea: 90% covers 8 phyla

Sea vs. Land: different picture Sea: 250,000 (described) + 150,000 spp. Land: 1.5 million (named) + 5~50 million spp. Land: 350,000 species vascular plant Sea: 60 species flowering plant and 12,000 species algae

Sea vs. Land Macroscopic land plants vs. microscopic marine plants Long-life land animals vs. short lived marine organisms Herbivores and omnivores (land) vs. carnivores (sea)