ORIGINS IN MARX HOW DOMINANCE AND SUBORDINATION REFLECT ECONOMIC POSITION RESOLUTION ONLY WITH TOTAL EQUALITY - COMMUNISM

PRIMATES PRIMATE STUDIES SHOW IMPORTANCE OF DOMINANCE DEPENDENT MONKEYS HAVE MORE STRESS HORMONES AND LESS SEROTONIN DOMINANT MONKEYS HAVE FEWER STRESS HORMONES AND MORE SEROTONIN

PRIMATES PREVIOUSLY DOMINANT MONKEYS HAVE WORSE MENTAL HEALTH WHEN BECOME SUBORDINATE NEWLY DOMINANT MONKEYS HAVE BETTER MENTAL HEALTH MENTAL HEALTH FUNCTION OF SOCIAL POSITION

WHAT IS SOCIAL CLASS? 1. RELATIONSHIPS OF DOMINANCE AND DEPENDENCE POWER, STATUS, MONEY 2. ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, TASTES, CULTURE EDUCATION

MEASURES INCOME – measures resources EDUCATION – measures culture COMBINATION (UPPER; MIDDLE; WORKING; LOWER) STATUS INCONGRUITY

CAUSE AND EFFECT CAUSATION - SOCIAL CLASS PRECEDES M.I. SOCIAL CLASS INVERSE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS EXPOSURE TO MORE STRESSORS MORE VULNERABILITY LESS ACCESS TO TREATMENT

CAUSE AND EFFECT SELECTION - M.I. PRECEDES SOCIAL CLASS DOWNWARD DRIFT

FARIS AND DUNHAM CHICAGO 1939 ADMISSIONS TO MENTAL HOSPITALS BY AREAS OF CITY NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RESIDENCE AND BI-POLAR

FARIS AND DUNHAM STRONG ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RESIDENCE IN CENTRAL CITY AND SCHIZOPHRENIA (9x DIFFERENCE)

FARIS AND DUNHAM ORIGINALLY SAID ISOLATION OF CENTRAL CITY CAUSES SCHIZ. LATER CHANGED MIND AND SAID PEOPLE FIRST BECOME SCHIZ AND THEN MOVED TO CENTRAL CITY SELECTION

RECENT STUDIES SCHIZ ALWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER SOCIAL CLASS WHAT IS CAUSE AND WHAT EFFECT? LOOK AT PARENTS’ SOCIAL CLASS SELECTION MORE THAN CAUSATION DOWNWARD DRIFT BIPOLAR NOT RELATED TO S.C.

CONCLUSION FOR PSYCHOSES STRONG ASSOCIATION OF LOWER CLASS STATUS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA SELECTION SEEMS MORE IMPORTANT THAN CAUSATION NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOCIAL CLASS AND BIPOLAR DISORDER

INCOME AND M.I. (NCS) INCOME DEPRESSIONANXIETY 0 – 

INCOME AND M.I. INCOME S.U. ANY> ONE >

NON-PSYCHOTIC LOWER CLASS ALWAYS HIGHEST SOMETIMES INVERSE, SOMETIMES NOT STRONGEST FOR ANXIETY WEAKEST FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE LOWER CLASS ESPECIALLY LIKELY TO HAVE COMORBID DISORDERS

REASONS FOR NON- PSYCHOTIC CAUSATION NOT SELECTION STRESSORS MODEST RELATIONSHIP WITH ACUTE LIFE EVENTS STRONGER RELATIONSHIP WITH CHRONIC STRESSORS

VULNERABILITY LOW SOCIAL CLASS ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE TO STRESSORS LESS ADEQUATE MATERIAL SUPPORT AND COPING LEADS TO LONGER DURATION AND POORER PROGNOSIS FOR LOWER CLASSES

OCCUPATIONAL REASONS (LENNON) HIGHER SOCIAL CLASSES HAVE MORE AUTONOMY AND CONTROL OVER WORK HIGHER SOCIAL CLASSES HAVE FEWER PHYSICAL STRESSORS OF WORK HIGHER SOCIAL CLASSES HAVE MORE JOB STABILITY

FORM OF RELATIONSHIP POOR ARE WORST BUT LITTLE DIFFERENCE OTHERWISE (DICHOTOMOUS) HIGHER THE POSITION, BETTER THE MENTAL HEALTH (CONTINUOUS) STATUS AS RELATIVE CONCEPT – DEGREE OF INEQUALITY

FORM OF RELATIONSHIP NO CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE FOR DICHOTOMOUS OR CONTINUOUS

HAPPINESS SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT THAN M.I. SEEMS DICHOTOMOUS, NOT CONTINUOUS LOWER CLASS HAS LESS OTHER CLASSES SAME (50K > 20K; 5M = 100K) “MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS”

HAPPINESS IMPORTANCE OF BASIC NEEDS IMPORTANCE OF REFERENCE GROUPS WHY DO PEOPLE WORK SO HARD? “ The desire for food is limited in every man by the narrow capacity of his stomach; but the desire of the conveniences and ornaments of building, dress, and furniture seems to have no limit or boundary” (Adam Smith 1776).

SUMMARY SOCIAL CLASS STRONGLY RELATED TO PSYCHOSES - SELECTION SOCIAL CAUSATION FOR NON- PSYCHOTIC MORE EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY, JOBS HAPPINESS – OTHER THAN BOTTOM, LITTLE RELATIONSHIP