SLOSS Original habitat contains 100 species. 50% of this area can be maintained in a single large or two smaller reserves.

SLOSS Original habitat contains 100 species. 50% of this area can be maintained in a single large or two smaller reserves. Based on the species-area relationship (S = cA z where z = 0.25), the single large habitat will contain 85 species and each of the two smaller habitats will contain 70 species.

Fundamental Problems w/ ETIB? Area (Samples) Species Alternative explanations for species-area relationship –Sampling –Habitat diversity How do we define TURNOVER?

ETIB and Forest Reserves Pimm, S. L Ecology: The forest fragment classic. Nature 393:23-24.

ETIB and Forest Reserves Spp. lost in small fragments –Top predators –Primates –Army ants and company What about frogs? –Limited by breeding sites –Peccaries

Reserve Rules vs. Reality Reserve design will be species specific. Reserve design will be site specific. The idea of “optimal” reserve design may miss the point entirely. –We are rarely faced with these alternatives. ETIB is considered by many to be a “false start” in Conservation Biology

Application of ETIB Application of ETIB to reserve design has been widely criticized “Faunal collapse” refers to the loss of species following insularization. –Broadly accepted –Basis for many estimates of extinction rates –Caveats Considerable error when used for prediction

Extinctions of large mammals in parks and reserves Newmark, W. D Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology 5:

Application of ETIB McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:

Application of ETIB McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:

Application of ETIB McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:

Community Ecology and Conservation: Nested Communities Euxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Edxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Mlxxxxxxxxxxxxx Mfxxxxxxxxxxx Spxxxxxxx Opxxxxx Sbxx

Outline Biodiversity Management –Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography –Modern Approaches ESA Keystone Species Hotspots GAP –Human Conflicts

HCP (A Preliminary Review) Graduate seminars (106 students, 8 Universities) Are data sufficient to support actions outlined in plan? Data collected for 208 HCPs, Intensive analysis of 43 HCPs –species biology –threats to the species –prescribed management actions, –monitoring and plan administration –the criteria against which recovery would be measured

HCP Effectiveness % Sufficient Adequacy in addressing primary threat 57% Adequacy in minimizing impacts 52%

HCP & Cons. Biol. (97 spp.) Category of Theory (Impact Assessment) GeneticsPopn.Behav.ETIBComm.Ecosystem Expert Opinion Qualitative Limited Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Model Times Theory Used

ESA Backlog of unaddressed listing petitions Failure to develop and implement recovery plans in a timely fashion Lack of adequate funding to meet objectives Inefficient, expensive, and biased toward “charismatic megafauna” having broad public appeal