5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods = manually or mechanically damaging plants Removing beachgrass (Ammophila arinaria) from Lanphere Dunes CA Uprooting tamarisk (Tamarix spp) in Arizona

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition: people will even volunteer! Phragmites australis control in Kampoosa Bog Mass. Volunteers cut reed stems and injected stems with herbicide to kill underground rhizomes Annual monitoring and treatment continues (started in 2000)

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations: Lanphere dunes example – 10 acres infested.

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or environment Centauria diffusa control in Oregon: weeding out individual knapweed plants while not disturbing surrounding vegetation

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or environment But not always specific…

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific Disadvantages Labor & time intensive: beach grass removal at Lanphere Dunes took 2,951 person-hours per acre over 3 years (at $7.00 per hour, that’s $20,657 per acre). VOLUNTEERS ARE ESSENTIAL!

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific Disadvantages Labor & time intensive Often requires follow-up treatments: Lanphre dunes took 3 years of repeated treatments.

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific Disadvantages Labor & time intensive Often requires follow-up treatments Inadvertent damage

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Root talon Weed wrench

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that re-sprout or regenerate from fragments

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments; (2) more equipment

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance; (2) more equipment

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that re-sprout Sheep grazing on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in a Colorado State University control trial

Can even be a lucrative business opportunity…

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal; (5) predation

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Example: Patterson’s Curse (Echium plantangineum) in Australia – grazing worked almost as well as herbicide to control ‘Crash grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Example: Medusahead (Taenatherium caput-medusae) in California (UC coop. extension) ‘Intensive grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate “Excellent control was obtained with very high-density and short-duration grazing, but these levels are difficult for many ranchers to duplicate. Additional funding expands the research …and will examine the effect of lower animal densities and longer grazing periods on medusahead control”

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Scotch broom prescribed burn (photo USFS) Desert grassland prescribed burn; prevent woody Plant encroachment (photo USFS)

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3) potential adverse soil effects

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3) potential adverse soil effects Considerations: (1) timing of burn

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3) potential adverse soil effects Considerations: (1) timing of burn; (2) controlling seed dispersal

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples Not effective: plants that resprout

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) less labor than cutting; (2) highly specific; (3) snags for wildlife; (4) returns nutrients to soil; (5) reduced erosion potential

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) less labor than cutting; (2) highly specific; (3) snags for wildlife; (4) returns nutrients to soil; (5) reduced erosion potential Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching Effective: small herbaceous invasives without storage tissues

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching Effective: small herbaceous invasives without storage tissues Advantages: (1) by-product use Disadvantages: (1) non-specific; (2) small areas Oxalis pes-caprae infestations can be controlled by mulching or solarization

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization Effective: small herbaceous invasives or after land clearing

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization Effective: small herbaceous invasives or after land clearing Advantages: (1) complete kill; (2) retains nutrients Disadvantages: (1) non-specific

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization (9)Flooding Effective: limited number of invasives

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization (9)Flooding Effective: limited number of invasives Advantages: (1) complete kill Disadvantages: (1) non-specific

5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization (9)Flooding