Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Water Environments

Life Water is the environment of life Water: a moderately reactive liquid Water, H 2 O, is a molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms having a relationship with one oxygen atom About 70% of the body is water

Atoms, the building blocks of molecules, have structure which determines their behavior The nucleus is electrically positive. Electrons in orbit around the nucleus are electrically negative When positives and negatives are equal the atom in neutral

All Orbits are Full Atoms with full orbits do not have relationships with other atoms

Sharing Electrons and Making Molecules H 2 : a gas molecule Half full/empty

Molecules can be made by sharing more than one electron Needs to be full Oxygen another gas molecule

H 2 O: sharing amongst unequal atoms + The result is an molecule with electrical polarity

H 2 O: A Structured Liquid Water molecules “play” with each other because of polarity

H + and OH - (ions individuals with electrical charge) OH - H+H+ Hydrogen ions Pulling Water Molecules Apart Reactivity!!!!

Acids: More and more inequality and ions Reactivity!!: Charges “play” with the relationships between atoms and molecules H2OH2O

Salts: More Ions Sharing 1+7 = 8 (Full)

Many ions Eg. NaCl, LiCl, MgCl 2, CaCl 2, FeCl 2 Fe ++

Organic Molecules: The Molecules of Life (stable relationships between atoms) Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen

Other Atoms in Organic molecules P, Fe, I, S

Fats: a relationship between equals Saturated fats Unsaturated fats OIL and water don’t mix!!!!!

Genetic Information The directions for when and how to make specific proteins Every cell of the body contains a full copy of ALL the direction (cloning) The difference between one cell type or another is the part of the directions that they read (express)

A Cell: A compartment with compartments within Nucleus cytoplasm “Brains” “Productions”

Cellular Reproduction Nucleotides are the molecules from which the very large DNA molecules are made Nucleic Acids are a language of 4 letters (nucleotides) used to make words of three letters which code for proteins When a cell reproduces (divides into two daughter cells) it copies its genetic material and each daughter cell gets a full copy

DNA Nucleotides: fancy sugars

Copying DNA for Cell Division

Proteins Coded by DNA Every three nucleotides in a gene sequence code designates the code for one of 20 different amino acid in a protein sequence A protein is a sequence of amino acids To make a protein, a cell must transcribe (copy) the DNA coding sequence into a portable message (mRNA) that can leave the nucleus of the cell and be used to make the protein.

There are 4 different RNA nucleotides that can pair with the 4 different DNA nucleotides Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a small sequence of RNA nucleotides that describes the DNA code for the protein. The rest of the small DNA sequences in the incredibly large DNA molecule we call a chromosome determines WHEN to make the molecule. Genetics and Translation: Gene Expression

Transcription: DNA mRNA Translation: mRNA Protein Cytoplasm Nucleus

Proteins are made of amino acids

Energy The force Makes the world go around E =MC 2 Can be stored in the bonds of molecules Stored energy is energy that can be used to do work It takes a lot of work/energy to keep a cell alive and do its work

Everything but total chaos is stored energy An atom is stored energy….the bomb Oil is stored energy…your car A piece of wood is stored energy…a fire A car at the top of a hill is stored energy… Holding a rock in the air… Mixing oil and water The bonds between atoms in a molecule

Life on Earth

Glycogen

Breakdown of Sugar for Energy Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ ---> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H 2 O Small amount of energy (ATP) Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 3 H 2 O ---> 3 NADH + FADH2 + CoA-SH + GTP + 3 CO 2 Large amount of energy Result: CO 2 and H 2 O Without Oxygen With Oxygen

Photosynthesis 6 H 2 O + 6 CO > C 6 H 12 O O 2 Energy from the Sun Result: Sugar and Oxygen

Compartments of H 2 O Oil and water (H 2 O) don’t mix A compartment is a space that contains water that is different than the water spaces around it Two different water compartments next to each other are stored energy Stored energy is potential energy: The potential to be the same

How do you make compartments of water that are different next to each other? Use a schizophrenic molecule: oil and water don’t mix Parts of the phospholipid molecule like water and parts like oil Charge No Charge

A compartment of water in the sea of water…eg. A Cell

That is what a battery is Differences between compartments: Potential ENERGY

You live on a bunch of ephemeral batteries that constantly need recharging