Erasmus Mundus Master Course Space Master - Joint European Master in Space Science and Technology Special Lecture Course on Atmospheric and Ionospheric Radar Luleå University of Technology Kiruna, Sweden May 2008, Jürgen Röttger Erasmus Mundus Master Course Space Master - Joint European Master in Space Science and Technology Special Lecture Course on Atmospheric and Ionospheric Radar Luleå University of Technology Kiruna, Sweden May 2008, Jürgen Röttger 國際大氣雷達學校國際大氣雷達學校 國際大氣雷達學校國際大氣雷達學校

Radar is used in nature and we use it to study nature and apply remote sensing of our Earth’s environment

weather The Earth’s Ionosphere and Atmosphere middle atmosphere ionosphere

Earth Atmospheric Ionospheric Science Sun Space - Weather Environ ment - Weather Informatics Electronics Radar technology Weather forecasting Meteorology Fluid dynamics Modelling, Simulation Plasma physics Electrodynamics using radar (and related methods) Global Change Multidisciplinary synergy for science and education

Arecibo Puerto Rico Jicamarca Peru EISCAT Svalbard EISCAT Tromsö Millstone USA SuperDARN Iceland NARL India EISCAT VHF Some giant atmosphere ionosphere radars MU Radar Japan

There are basically three different branches of radar methods: Doppler weather radars, operating in frequency bands above one Gigahertz providing azimuth scans of precipitation and atmospheric turbulence and velocity.

Incoherent scatter radars, which make use of electromagnetic wave scattering from free electrons in the ionospheric plasma Ionosondes for total reflection and Coherent scatter radars using scatter from irregularities in the electron density, temperature and humidity.

In the second part of the past century giant radar systems have been designed and efficiently used for scientific research of the Earth’s upper, middle and lower atmosphere. The Arecibo (Puerto Rico) 305 m radar antenna The Arecibo (Puerto Rico) 305 m radar antenna

The Jicamarca Radio Observatory uses a phased-array antenna consisting of dipoles covering an area of 300m x 300m. It operates on 49.9 MHz with a peak transmitter power of 3 Megawatt. It is used for incoherent and coherent scatter to study the ionosphere ( km), the middle atmosphere ( km) and the lower atmosphere (<15 km).

The radar at Jicamarca in Peru was the prototype of the new class of systems for studies of the middle and lower atmosphere (i.e. the height region below 100 kilometer). Several radars of this kind, operating in the 50 Megahertz-band, were constructed thereafter, such as the SOUSY (sounding system) radar, operated by the Max- Planck-Institute in Germany, and the MU (middle and upper atmosphere) radar, operated by the Radio Science Center for Space and Atmosphere of the Kyoto University in Japan.

SOUSY Svalbard Radar - SSR ESR

Arecibo Puerto Rico Jicamarca Peru EISCAT Svalbard EISCAT Tromsö Millstone USA SuperDARN Iceland NARL India EISCAT VHF Some giant radars

Such huge radars, using power levels up to one megawatt and antennas with diameters of about 100 meters diameter, were also installed in Alaska, India, Svalbard/Spitzbergen and recently the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar EAR in Sumatra as a Japanese- Indonesian collaboration. They allow observations of the mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere and are therefore also called MST radars. They measure continuously winds, waves, turbulence and atmospheric stability and many ionosphere parameters. Such huge radars, using power levels up to one megawatt and antennas with diameters of about 100 meters diameter, were also installed in Alaska, India, Svalbard/Spitzbergen and recently the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar EAR in Sumatra as a Japanese- Indonesian collaboration. They allow observations of the mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere and are therefore also called MST radars. They measure continuously winds, waves, turbulence and atmospheric stability and many ionosphere parameters. SOUSY Svalbard Radar National Atmosphere Research Lab. India

International School of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Radar and Remote Sensing ISAR – NCU 2008 National Central University Chung-Li, Taiwan International School of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Radar and Remote Sensing ISAR – NCU 2008 National Central University Chung-Li, Taiwan Announcement October 2008 Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research NCU 國際大氣雷達學校 International Sponsors: SCOSTEP and URSI