מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור הרצאה 6 יסמין ויערה - 2005 n חלק 1: חזרה מהירה – מה למדנו בהרצאה 5? n חלק 2: קבצים ובסיסי נתונים. n חלק 3:

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Presentation transcript:

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור הרצאה 6 יסמין ויערה n חלק 1: חזרה מהירה – מה למדנו בהרצאה 5? n חלק 2: קבצים ובסיסי נתונים. n חלק 3: גמר השלמות חומרה/תוכנה. n חלק 4: הכנה למבחן לדוגמה ותחילת פתרון. n חלק 5: דיווח נושא. n בהרצאה 7 (הבאה) – תקשוב. בהרצאה 8 – ERP והכנה למבחן.

חלק 3 (א'): סיום מבוא לתוכנה שק'

3 CIS 551 Operating system functions (2/2) Coordinator for application programs –Manage resources »memory »devices –Coordinate activities –Manage files User interface (GUI)

4 CIS 551 Why do operating systems matter? They provide different features –e.g., memory management, GUI Programs are written for an O/S –choose applications, then choose O/S O/S used to be proprietary –choice of O/S dictated choice of hardware

5 CIS 551 Trends in operating systems Multi-programming Multi-processing Virtual memory Interprocess communications More features –new kinds of I/O supported –better integration of programs Require more powerful hardware

6 CIS 551

7 Program Execution Process current +next 5 slides On the disk: … p := x + y; write(‘dfile.dat’, p);...

8 CIS 551 Scene 2 : Act 1 … p := x + y; write(‘dfile.dat’, p);... Compiler Machine instructions

9 CIS 551

10 CIS 551 Scene 2 : Act 2 Machine instructions Saved to

11 CIS 551 Scene 2 : Act 3 Use the program

12 CIS 551 Scene 3 Machine instructions Copied to RAM Begins to execute

13 CIS 551 Generations of programming languages Machine language (1st) Assembler language (2nd) High-level languages (3rd) –Ada, BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal, PL/1, etc. –Java, Visual BASIC, C#, etc. Fourth- and fifth-generation –SQL, Prolog, query languages, etc.

14 CIS 551

15 CIS 551 Lower level –more control over how program works –can be more efficient Higher level –easier and faster to develop and debug programs Clear trend to higher levels (3 or up) Which level is for me?

16 CIS 551 Object Linking & Embedding 4Object Linking & Embedding (OLE) allows user to copy text/graphics from one document to another or to embed text/graphics from one program into another program/document 4Server Application supplies objects user places in other applications 4Client application accepts objects from other applications 4Copy copies data from one application & places it in another 4Link is used when user wants changes made to the server object to appear automatically in all linked client objects 4Embed is used when user wants an object to become part of the client document

17 CIS 551 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM CREATES REUSABLE CODE REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE *

18 CIS 551 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay Check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker) *

19 CIS 551 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE *

20 CIS 551 JAVA Write Once Run Anywhere (!?) Object Oriented Programming Language Using applets allows: –elimination of need for large & expensive hardware –elimination of lots of storage and maintenance overhead

21 CIS 551.NET (dot Net).NET is Microsoft's next-generation Visual Studio development environment, yet another new programming language (C#), and a new data-exchange and messaging framework, based on XML and SOAP. While java promises platform portability,.NET promises language portability.

22 CIS 551 TIME SHARING MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS) EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE *

23 CIS 551 MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY *

24 CIS 551 Web Services The Generic Web Service Architecture

חלק 3 (ב'): סיום מבוא לחומרה שק'

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור TimelineTimeline

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור The Turing Machine A device that could determine the truth of mathematical statements without human involvement by following a deterministic sequence of instructions.

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED *

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור n BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not n BYTE: Group of bits for one character –EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) –ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) n PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Main components

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור ComponentsComponents

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Processing – the heart

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור TYPES OF MEMORY n RAM : Random Access Memory –Dynamic: Changes thru processing –Static: Remains constant (power on) n ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) –PROM: Program can be changed once –EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light –EEPROM: Electrically erasable *

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC/LOGICUNIT ROM CLOCK

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור History of microprocessors n Intel: Pentium Pentium Pro Celeron n 2000 transistors n 250,000 transistors n 5 million transistors n 10 million - billions of transistors

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור ALU & CONTROL UNIT n ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations n CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system *

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור I-CYCLE: 1. FETCH 2. DECODE 3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER 4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER * INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור E-CYCLE: 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE REGISTER 6. COMMAND ALU 7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION 8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR * INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Instruction (Fetch & Decode) and Execution Cycle

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Moore’s “Law” n Actually, more of an observation or prediction n In the late 1960s, Gordon Moore (co- founder of Intel) predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on a single chip would double every year n Not quite right, more like every 18 months

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Moore’s Law (2)

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: TRANSISTORS: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1980-PRESENT

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU n WORD LENGTH: BITS PROCESSED AT ONE TIME n MEGAHERTZ: ONE MILLION CYCLES PER SECOND n DATA BUS WIDTH: BITS MOVED BETWEEN CPU & OTHER DEVICES n REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): EMBEDS MOST USED INSTRUCTIONS ON CHIP TO ENHANCE SPEED *

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Microprocessor types

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Advances in # of transistors on a microprocessor

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Increasing MIPS each year

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור n NETWORKED COMPUTERS n CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have n SERVER: component (computer) having desired data, application, communications * CLIENT / SERVER

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור CLIENT SERVER REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE USER INTERFACE APPLICATIONFUNCTIONDATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES CLIENT / SERVER

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Network Computers (NC) n (Oracle and Sun), Or… Net PC : Intel’s industry spec. n A massively pared-down computer that downloads both software and data from the network rather than storing locally. n “Thin Client” n Java’s role n TCO!!!

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU RESULT

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור Purchasing secondary memory

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור DATA PROCESSING n BATCH PROCESSING: transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time- sensitive actions. n ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. *

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור n CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE –ONE STANDARD –GREATER CONTROL n DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS –MORE FLEXIBILITY –FASTER RESPONSE * CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

The End

מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור n מבחן לדוגמה