Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE Part A 27 Environmental Microbiology

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microbial Diversity  Microbes live in a variety of habitats because of their abilities to  Use a variety of carbon and energy sources.  Grow under different physical conditions.  Extremophiles live in extreme  pH  Temperature  Salinity

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mycorrhizae  Fungi living in close association with plant roots  Extend surface area of roots Figure 27.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Commercial Uses of Mycorrhizae Figure 27.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biogeochemical Cycles  Recycling (oxidation and reduction) of chemical elements

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Carbon Cycle Figure 27.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nitrogen Cycle Figure 27.4

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings N2N2 Nitrogen - fixation Ammonia (NH 3 ) Nitrate ion (NO 3 - ) Pseudmonas N2N2 Nitrite ion (NO 2 - ) Nitrobacter Nitrate ion (NO 3 - ) Ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) Nitrosomonas Nitrite ion (NO 2 - ) Amino acids (–NH 2 ) Microbial ammonification Ammonia (NH 3 ) Proteins and waste products Microbial decomposition Amino acids Nitrogen Cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formation of a Root Nodule Figure 27.5

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sulfur Cycle Figure 27.7

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins and waste productsAmino acids Microbial decomposition Amino acids (–SH) Microbial dissimilation H2SH2S H2SH2S Thiobacillus SO 4 2– (for energy) SO 4 2– Microbial & plant assimilation Amino acids Sulfur Cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Provides energy for bacteria which may be used to fix CO 2 CO 2 Sugars Provides carbon for cell growth Calvin Cycle Life without Sunshine  Primary producers in most ecosystems are photoautotrophs. Figure 5.24b (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Life without Sunshine  Primary producers in deep ocean and endolithic communities are chemoautotrophic bacteria. UN 6.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Life without Sunshine  Primary producers in deep ocean and endolithic communities are chemoautotrophic bacteria. Figure 5.24b (2 of 2) Provides energy for bacteria which may be used to fix CO 2 CO 2 Sugars Provides carbon for cell growth Calvin Cycle H2SH2S SO 4 2–

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Phosphorous Cycle UN 27.5

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals  Natural organic matter is easily degraded by microbes.  Xenobiotics are resistant to degradation.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Decomposition by Microbes Figure 27.8

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Decomposition by Microbes  Bioremediation: Use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants; enhanced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer.  Bioaugmentation: Addition of specific microbes to degrade of pollutant.  Composting: Arranging organic waste to promote microbial degradation. Figure 27.9

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Decomposition by Microbes Figure 27.10