The Perceiving Self: Psychophysiology and the Varieties of the New Psychology

MYOGRAPH—”frog curve” Hermann Helmholtz ( )

Wilhelm Wundt ( ) Principles of Physiological Psychology ( ) 1879—first psychological laboratory set up Leipzig, Germany

Wundt’s Psychological Laboratory c. 1910

Perceiving the Inner World Inner Perception —formulated by the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Indirect noticing of mental events, not active focusing on them, e.g. I attend to a sound. Introspection or inner observation —an active reflection on the contents of consciousness, e.g. I attend to way I hear the sound.

Horizontal Kymograph c Brass Instruments Psychology, University of Toronto

Hipp Chronoscope

Wundt’s Control Hammer From Titchener’s Photograph Album on Psychological Instruments, 1895, courtesy Max Planck

COLOR DISK ROTATORS From: Museum of the History of Psychological Instrumentation Eduard Zimmerman Catalog (1903)

Tone or Stern Variator c. 1910

TACHISTOSCOPE c Stoelting, C. H Apparatus, Tests and Supplies for Psychology, Psychometry, Psychotechnology, Psychiatry, Neurology, Anthropology, Phonetics, Physiology, and Pharmacology, courtesy, MPIWG

From,Spindler & Hoyer Apparate für psychologische Untersuchungen., Max Planck Institute for the History of Science “Subject” and “Observer” became standard terms by end of 1900s.

Wilhelm Wundt Ethnic or Cultural Psychology on Language, Myth and Custom (ten volumes)

William James ( ) The Principles of Psychology (1890) As professor of physiology at Harvard James taught 1875 course: “The Relations between Physiology And Psychology” with laboratory component

Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 1892 Harvard University Archives

Psychological Laboratory Harvard,1893 Nichols, Herbert The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. McClure's Magazine: , courtesy MPIWG

Münsterberg’s Laboratory, Harvard, c From Roback, History of American Psychology, 1952

G. Stanley Hall ( ) Trained with William James & Wundt; Set up Johns Hopkins Psychology Laboratory; President of Clark University, 1888; Helped form Child Study Movement

American Psychological Association founded 1892

Edward B. Titchener ( ) Trained with Wundt Psychologist at Cornell University from “Structuralist” Advocated Introspection Examined the bits and pieces of consciousness; the sensations that one could report on while attending to one’s mental state very carefully.

CORNELL PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 1898 From E.B.Titchener, “ A Psychological Laboratory” Mind, New Series, Vol. 7, no. 27, (July, 1898)

Cornell Doctorates in Psychology supervised by Titchener before Margaret Floy Washburn ( ) 1896 Alice Julia Hamlin Walter Bowers Pillsbury 1898 Issac Madison Bentley Eleanor Acheson McCulloch Gamble Stella Emily Sharp

From Rossiter, “Doctorates for American Women, ” History of Education Quarterly, Summer, 1982, 22:2, p. 167

From: E. Boring, “Edward Bradford Titchener ” American Journal of Psychology Vol 38, No. 4, Oct. 1927, p Titchener trained 22 women among his 56 graduate students from

Ethel Puffer Howes ( ) Studied at University of Berlin, and Freiburg Received Ph.D. Radcliffe, 1902 Taught at Radcliffe, Wellesley, Simmons Wrote Psychology of Beauty (1905) Her marriage (1908) effectively ended her career. June Etta Downey ( ) Studied at University Chicago Professor of Philosophy Head of Philosophy/Psych. Dept At University of Wyoming Wrote Creative Imagination (1929)

“persistent vicious alternative, marriage or career—full personal life versus the way of achievement.” “Women are both inevitably impelled to, and interdicted from, marriage, children, and careers.” Ethel Puffer Howes, 1922, “Accepting the Universe” p. 452.

This method of patience, starving out, and harassing to death is tried; Nature must submit to a regular siege, in which minute advantages gained night and day by the forces that hem her in must sum themselves at last into her overthrow. There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum and galvanometer philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.” (James, North American Review, 1875, p. 200). Functionalism—Consciousness as serving a function in the evolutionary process

Denkpsychologie (Thought Psychology) Oswald Külpe ( ) Founded Institute of Psychology in 1896 at University of Würzburg, Germany Wundt rejected findings of this school Titchener hotly debated findings

International Psychology Meetings 1889 First international Congress of Psychology Paris Topics: hypnosis, and telepathic communication Congress of Experimental Psychology, London Attendees: Francis Galton, Cesare Lombroso, Pierre Janet, even Hermann Helmoltz 1886 Congress of Experimental Psychology

World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893

Wax specimens in the Harvard Psychological Laboratory in Dane Hall, 1892 Harvard University Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) Chicago, 1893.

A Science of Education: Psychological Pedagogy G. Stanley Hall wrote “The Contents of Children’s Minds” 1883 Psychology introduced as a topic in 1891 National Education Association meeting Hall spearheaded “child study movement at Clark University with local teachers Use of surveys and questionnaires New Journal: Pedagogical Seminary 1891