LoCal: Rethinking the Energy Infrastructure using Internet Design Principles David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders University of California, Berkeley LoCal 0 th Retreat June 8-9, 2009 “Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997

Retreat Agenda Monday, 8 June :30-9:00A: Continental Breakfast 9:00-10:00A: Introduction and Project Overview 10:00-10:30A: Break (30) 10:30-12:00P: Local-ized Datacenter * State of the Art – Randy * A Green Machine – Andrew, Ken * Toward Power Proportional Services in the Cloud – Yan Pei, Laura * Discussion: Representing Datacenter demand at the IPS :00P: Lunch 1:00-2:30P: Local-ized Grid * State of the art: phasers, meters, DR, ISO, and markets – David/Randy * Towards a supply/demand energy market – Evan, Mike and Fred * Discussion: Grid-facing IPS 2 1:00-2:30P: Local-ized Grid * State of the art: phasers, meters, DR, ISO, and markets – David/Randy * Towards a supply/demand energy market – Evan, Mike and Fred * Discussion: Grid-facing IPS 2:30-3:00P: Break 3:00-4:30P: Local-ized Building * State of the art - Culler * High-fidelity metering - Fred * Thermal / Electric Storage - Mike * Discussion: IPS aggregators 4:30-5:30P: Selection of Breakout topics 6:00-7:30P: Organize Dinner tables by breakout topics 7:30-9:00P: Brainstorming on what Lo-Cal should be working on

Retreat Agenda Tuesday, 9 June :00-8:30A: Continental Breakfast 8:30-10:00A: In-depth Breakouts 10:00-10:30A: Break 10:30-12:00P: Technological Gamechangers 12:00-1:00P: Lunch 1:00-2:30P: Breakout Report Presentations 2:30-4:00P: Feedback and plans 3

Possible Breakout Topics Topics * Energy Market Mechanism and Design * Using consumer action X to stabilize the grid - who's in the driver seat? * Impediments to a new architecture * New business models * What IPS do you build? * Is storage essential and what are the new ideas here? * How much load is sculptable? * Microgrid overlays * Turning renewable energy into information sources * Compelling demonstration * The value of higher fidelity information * Enhanced reliability by intelligence at the edges and simple core * Power proportionality * Who owns the information and how is it protected? * Is the grid a market or a broker? 4

5 What if the Energy Infrastructure were Designed like the Internet? Energy: the limited resource of the 21st Century Needed: Information Age approach to a Machine Age infrastructure –Monitor, Model, Manage: match load and supply thru continuous observation and adjustment –Lower cost, more incremental deployment, able to accommodate technology innovation –Enhanced reliability and resilience through intelligence at the edges: Dumb grid, smart loads and supplies Packetized Energy: conceptually “move” discrete units of energy – locally generated, stored, and forwarded – to where it is needed, enabling markets for energy exchange

Towards an Information Age Energy Infrastructure 6 Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Distribution Transmission Generation Demand Nearly Oblivious Loads Non-Dispatchable Sources Interactive Dispatchable Loads ???

Energy Network Architecture Bits follow where current flows: information exchange with energy transfer Loads “aware” and sculptable –Forecast demand, adjust according to availability / price, self-moderate Energy sources negotiate with loads Storage, local generation, demand response first class capabilities 7

Information Overlay to the Energy Grid 8 Conventional Electric Grid Generation Transmission Distribution Load Intelligent Energy Network Load IPS Source IPS energy subnet Intelligent Power Switch Conventional Internet

9 Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network PowerComm Interface Energy Storage Power Generation Host Load energy flows information flows Intelligent Power Switch PowerComm Interface: Network + Power connector Scale Down, Scale Out

10 Intelligent Power Switch Interconnects load to power sharing infrastructure Bundles communications with energy interconnection -- PowerComm interface Enables intelligent energy exchange Optionally incorporates energy generation and buffering –Potential to scale-down to individual loads, e.g., light bulb, refrigerator –Scale-up to neighborhoods, regions, etc. Overlay on the existing power grid

MultiScale Approach 11 IPS comm power now Load profile w $ now Price profile w now Actual load w Data center IPS Bldg Energy Network IPS Internet Grid IPS Power proportional kernel Power proportional service manager Quality- Adaptive Service M/R Energy Net IPS AHU Chill CT

Start with IT Equipment m tons CO 2 360m tons CO 2 260m tons CO Worldwide IT carbon footprint: 2% = 830 m tons CO 2 Comparable to the global aviation industry Expected to grow to 4% by 2020

13 Datacenters

Server Power Consumption x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC If P idle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 … … Do Nothing Well

Understanding Diverse Load 15

ACme – HiFi Metering 16

Energy Consumption Breakdown 17

Re-aggregation 18

By Individual 19

20 Energy Aware / Adapt Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base Augment with extensive usage-focused sensing Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance Develop whole-building dynamic models Basis for forecasting And for load sculpting

21 Energy Interconnect Local Generation Local Load IPS Local Storage IPS Scaling Energy Cooperation Hierarchical aggregates of loads and IPSs Overlay on existing Energy Grid Energy Interconnect Communications Interconnect

22 Enabling Energy Markets Information-enabled markets –Bilateral exchange  multi-lateral exchange  general markets Aggregated load and supply models, parameterized by time and increasing uncertainty –Machine learning techniques More degrees of freedom: –(Over) loads can be reduced –(Over) supplies can be stored Match supply to load –Optimization algorithms vs. auction mechanisms

23 “Doing Nothing Well” Existing systems sized for peak and designed for continuous activity –Reclaim the idle waste –Exploit huge gap in peak-to-average power consumption Continuous demand response –Challenge “always on” assumption –Realize potential of energy-proportionality From IT Equipment … –Better fine-grained idling, faster power shutdown/restoration –Pervasive support in operating systems and applications … to the OS for the Building … to the Grid

Cooperative Continuous Reduction Automated Control Facility Mgmt User Demand Supervisory Control Community Feedback High-fidelity visibility

25 Summary and Conclusions Monitor, Model, Manage: scalable infrastructure for integrated energy generation and storage IPS: points where information and energy flows come together Information overlay to the Grid, visualize usage patterns by facilities and individuals, do nothing well, enable markets Initial focus on buildings aware of energy usage and integration of renewable sources