Geographical Basics Scales in Geography Scalar and Categorical Linkages Space and Place Borders and Networks Environment/Society Relations Cultural Landscapes Geographies of Distance Identity and Gender

1.Global 2.World-regional (e.g. North America) 3. State (e.g. United States) 4. Regional (e.g. American West 5. Metropolitan Region (e.g. Denver Metro) 6. Locality (e.g. Boulder) 7.Neighborhood (e.g. the “Hill’) 8.Household: Gender relations, Age relations 9.Personal: Body/Emotions/Identity/Spirituality Scales in Geography

Pyramid Model

Scale Elements Linkages horizontally - same scale 2. Linkages vertically - across scales 3. Jumping Scales 4. Different agencies important at different scales 5. Different processes (e.g. political, economic, social, etc) important at different scales

E. Europe W. Europe Russia Central Asia S.E. Asia China/E. Asia Middle East S. Asia Africa Mexico, Central America and Caribbean North America Regional Linkages South America

Intra-regional linkages War in Congo West African wars War in Vietnam Central Asia—oil Caribbean, Southeast Asian economic organizations

World Trade Organization Vertical Linkages State of Colorado US Governnment City of Boulder

Horizontal Municipal Linkages Dushanbe, Tajikistan World Trade Organization State of Colorado US Government City of BoulderJalapa, Nicaragua

Horizontal Municipal Linkages State of Chiapas San Cristobal De las Casas Cuchumatones Guatemala Congreso Nacional Indigena de Mexico Mexican Government Indigenous Comm.

Environmental Cultural Geopolitical Population Economic Cross Categorical Linkages

Cross Scalar/Cross Categorical Linkages State-Global Economy State-Household Transnational Social Movement-State Global Economy-Body

Jumping Scales Myanmar Dushanbe, Tajikistan World Trade Organization US Government State of Colorado City of Boulder

Chiapas Jumping Scales the Boomerang Effect Govs of Germany, France Spain Etc. Cleveland Government Of Mexico San Cristobal de las Casas

Space Literally “area”, but two meanings are more prevalent in Geography. Absolute or abstract space: the sort of space that acts as a container for things Social or relative space : space produced through social interaction. Societies produce space and space, in turn, produces societies. – Public space: space made available by the government or by private groups for political or leisurely activity

A portion of geographical space occupied by a person or thing, and thus given meaning. Place is constructed out of interconnected processes operating at all scales, but which come together in a unique configuration at a particular location. Place

Political borders: National Municipal Human borders: Societal/Ethnic/Racial: Difference Personal Absolute borders/barriers Permeable borders/barriers Do Borders Still Matter? Borders

Networks The Geography of Orange Juice – Things as networks – Places as networks Doreen Massey: “Power Geometries” Networks

Environment-Society Relations Environmental Determinism: The theory that the physical environment (especially climate) controls human character and behavior and consequently human cultures and societies. Cultural Landscape: The environment as it is altered by humans via the construction of built forms; the natural landscape as altered by humans. Political Ecology: the geographical study of the political processes at various scales that cause ecological change in a place or region

Diffusion The movement of an innovation (or other phenomenon) across space. – Hierarchical diffusion – Contagious diffusion – Relocation diffusion

Migration Push Factors: – Conditions that cause people to leave their area Pull Factors: – Conditions that attract people to another location

Geopolitics the study of control over territory, of power over the earth and the peoples on it. Frequently, associated with how large scale political processes influence international relations, but can also refer to much smaller scale struggles for control over territory and the shape of political and social life. Key factor in development trends and options

Internal (inside the state) Regional International Transnational Supranational Geopolitics III-scales

Geographies of Distance – Friction of Distance: reduced w/globalization – Action at a Distance: enabled w/globalization – Time Space Compression-David Harvey Time-Space Convergence: reduction of time required. to move people or goods over distances Cost-Space Convergence: reduction of expenditures, especially relative to income, required to move people or goods over distances

Time YEAR Time Space Convergence

Time YEAR Cost-space Convergence

Time / Cost YEAR Time Lag Cost Communication Convergence

Identity The individual expression of a culture or multiplicity of cultures; how one person associates or distinguishes his or herself in the context of existing cultures – National identity – Ethnicity or Race – Religion – Gender identity – Spanning identities/shifting identities with global change, development – Where development “touches down” in the individual

Gender Social elaboration of sex-based differences. “Gender” is usually used to indicate the cultural or social aspects of sex differences that develop over space and time rather than the limited natural differences between sexes. How do gendered social relations vary over space and time and how are these implicated in development processes at various scales? – Household-State – Community-Global Recently has become extremely relevant to development