Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

OutlineOutline Founders of AI Founders of AI Search Search What are expert systems What are expert systems Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Robots Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Robots Other uses of AI Other uses of AI Shortcomings of AI Shortcomings of AI New Directions in Intelligent Robotics New Directions in Intelligent Robotics Looking forward Looking forward

exhibited several characteristics HAL in 2001: A Computer with Artificial Intelligence In 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968), the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited several characteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today: Capacity to understand natural languages: natural language processing. Capacity to understand natural languages: natural language processing. Facility with logic: expert systems and logic programs. Facility with logic: expert systems and logic programs. Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: neural networks for image processing. Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: neural networks for image processing. Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: robotics. Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: robotics. We will discuss them, but let us start from the beginning…...

Who started AI? The founding Father of AI Other names to remember: Other names to remember:  Minsky  Papert  Holland  De Garis  Moravec  Brooks

Autonomous robot needs Artificial Intelligence Autonomous robot needs Artificial Intelligence

What is AI?

How do we classify research as AI?

What is Intelligence? The ability to learn and to cope. The ability to learn and to cope. The ability to contemplate, think, and reason. The ability to contemplate, think, and reason. Synonyms: Synonyms:  Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, sense, wit Related: Related:  Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment, perspicacity, sagacity, wisdom

Definition of AI (first try) Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an intelligent artifact Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an intelligent artifact

Intelligence What is intelligence? What is intelligence? Doing what people do? Doing what people do?  vision  voice recognition  game playing  people solve many subtle problems Current programs are brittle Current programs are brittle

Alan M. Turing Computing Machinery and Intelligence Turing Test Thirty minutes to ask questions If you cannot distinguish between a person and the artificial system based on the responses, then the system is intelligent (how many tries, language,etc)

Intelligence Turing Test: A human communicates with a computer via a teletype. If the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another human, it passes. Turing Test: A human communicates with a computer via a teletype. If the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another human, it passes.  Natural language processing  knowledge representation  automated reasoning  machine learning Add vision and robotics to get the total Turing test. Add vision and robotics to get the total Turing test.

The Imitation Game If a computer can “fool” a human interrogator into believing that it is human, then it may be said that the machine is intelligent, and thinks. The scope of questions that may be asked is virtually unlimited. The imitation game competition

Example of an Interrogation Q: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge. A: Count me out of this one. I never could write poetry. Q: Add to A: Q: Do you play chess? A: Yes. Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play? A: R-R8 mate.

One more definition of Turing Test

A Refined Definition Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an artifact that can reliably pass the Turing Test Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an artifact that can reliably pass the Turing Test

Objections to the Turing Test Not everything about human can be learned by only talking by phone Not everything about human can be learned by only talking by phone Is looking an answer up in a large table really intelligence? Is looking an answer up in a large table really intelligence? Does a functional definition of intelligence really characterize human intelligence? Does a functional definition of intelligence really characterize human intelligence?

What are artifacts? What are artifacts? points to discuss An inorganic object An inorganic object A physical-symbol system A physical-symbol system symbols symbols expressions expressions a symbol manipulating entity a symbol manipulating entity symbols correspond to objects in an environment symbols correspond to objects in an environment

A Final Definition Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing a physical symbol system (a robot) that can reliably pass the Turing Test Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing a physical symbol system (a robot) that can reliably pass the Turing Test

Weak and Strong AI Claims Weak AI: Weak AI:  Machines can be made to act as if they were intelligent. Strong AI: Strong AI:  Machines that act intelligently have real, conscious minds.

AI Concepts and Definitions

Artificial Intelligence: more definitions

What are the objectives of Artificial Intelligence?

What are typical signs of Intelligence?

Signs of Intelligence (cont)

Approaches to AI Searching Searching Learning Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action Communication, Perception, Action

Interlinked Components of AI Search Search Knowledge Knowledge Representation Representation  Examples

Your task What is your definition of intelligence? What is your definition of intelligence?  Can your definition be applied to a robot? Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”. Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”.  How this knowledge can be represented in LISP? Give one example from your area what is “Representation” Give one example from your area what is “Representation”  How your representation will be implemented in LISP? Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions about baseball league. Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions about baseball league.