Lecture 2: Rephrasing 911 & Terrorism SOSC 200t – the Post-911 World Order Simon Shen 7 th February 2003 (Friday)

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Structure of Lecture 2: Definition of Terrorism/ Precedent Cases Pre-911 Terrorism against USA “ America Under Attack ” “ America Fight Back ”

PART I Terrorism: Evolution on its Definitions in History

Historical Definition “ All criminal acts directed against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or a group of persons or the general public ” -- League of Nations (1937) Emphasis: (1) Terror; (2) Against State = Political Assassination + Genocide

Ancient Terrorism Political Assassinations “ Assassins of Mountains ” Shi ’ te Islam Genocide Spanish Acquisition Vs Inca Empire Nazi Germany ’ s “ Final Solution ” to the Jews “ I Kill you because I want to kill you! ”

Cold War Definition (I) Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperilled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.

Cold War Definition (II) The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. -- Schmid (1988) Academic Consensus: Terrorism as a “ Messenger ” “ I kill you NOT because I want to kill you ”

Cold War Terrorism Irish Republican Army (IRA) Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)

Bush ’ s Definition The term "terrorism" means an activity that -- (i) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, property, or infrastructure; and (ii) appears to be intended -- (A) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (B) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (C) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, kidnapping, or hostage-taking. -- Executive Order on Terrorist Financing (24 th September, 2001)

Bush ’ s Terrorism Against Civilian People (instead of against the whole State) Mass Destruction Weapons (MDW) Iraq Asymmetrical Warfare Al-Qaeda Aum Shinrikya Sect of Japan

Summary of the Evolution Against state leaders and the people of the whole state (e.g. Nazi)  Against a small number of random people of a state to spread political messages with specific concerns (e.g. IRA)  Against a large number of civilians to spread messages that are not easy to be interpreted (e.g. 911) Terrorism: You can have your own definition! The “ No Smoking ” Analogy

Assigned Readings Main Text: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. “ Definition of Terrorism ” nitions.html nitions.html Supplementary Text: James Hoge and Gideon Rose. “ Introduction. ” (H&R P.ix-xiv)

PART II Pre-911 Terrorist Attack against USA

The Neglected Messages 1979: Assassination of President Sadat 1993: WTC I & the Somalian Murders 1995: KSA Car Bombing I (Riyadh) 1996: KSA Car Bombing II (Khobar)

Crescendo Against USA 1998: The East African Bombings 2000: The Millennium LAX Warning 2001: The Independence Day Warning

PART III “ America Under Attack ”

September 11 th, 2001 The World Trade Center Atrocity (WTC II) The Pentagon Attack: A Different Nature The “ 93 Heroes ”

After September 11 th, 2001 The Anthrax Attack Chain Effects: Israel India Indonesia Russia …

PART IV “ America Fights Back ”

Stage I: Coalition Building (Sept-Oct 2001) Traditional Allies Untraditional Allies Sympathy is not Enough: Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan

Stage 2: War Against Afghanistan (Oct-Dec 2001) Osama Bin Laden The Taliban Regime Symbiotic Relationship Vs Involuntary Relationship

Stage 3: Consolidation of Pax Americana (2002) International Consolidation Internal Consolidation Philosophical Consolidation

Stage 4: War Against Iraq? (2003) “ Patron of Terrorism ” “ Development of Mass Destructive Weapons ” “ Violation of Human Rights ” “ Evil Empire ” “ Family Rival of the Bushes ”…

Conclusion “ I can ’ t understand why the great Americans can be such hated. ” “ I can ’ t understand why they hate us so much …” – George W. Bush

~~The End~~ Thank you for attending