A search for double anti-kaon production in antiproton- 3 He annihilation at J-PARC F.Sakuma, RIKEN 1 Tum-Riken Kick-Off TUM, May 10-11, 2010.

2 This talk is based on the LoI submitted in June, 2009.

3 (brief) Introduction of “Kaonic Nuclear Cluster” Possibility of “Double-Kaonic Nuclear Cluster” by Stopped-p bar Annihilation Experimental Approach Summary Contents

we will open new door to the high density matter physics, like the inside of neutron stars Kaonic Nuclear Cluster (KNC) 4 the existence of deeply-bound kaonic nuclear cluster is predicted from strongly attractive K bar N interaction Kaonic Nuclei Binding Energy [MeV] Width [MeV] Central Density KpKp  0 K  pp  0 K  ppp  0 K  ppn  0 T.Yamazaki, A.Dote, Y.Akiaishi, PLB587, 167 (2004). the density of kaonic nuclei is predicted to be extreme high density

Method Binding Energy (MeV) Width (MeV) Akaishi, Yamazaki PLB533, 70 (2002). ATMS4861 Shevchenko, Gal, Mares PRL98, (2007). Faddeev Ikeda, Sato PRC76, (2007). Faddeev7974 Dote, Hyodo, Weise NPA804,197(2008). chiral SU(3)19+/ (  N-decay) 5 Theoretical Situation of KNC theoretical predictions for kaonic nuclei, e.g., K - pp Koike, Harada PLB652, 262 (2007). DWIA whether the binding energy deepshallow is deep or shallow broad how broad is the width ? 3 He(K-,n)

no “narrow” structure PLB 659:107, Experimental Situation of KNC 4 He （ stopped K-,p) 12 C(K -,n) 12 C(K -,p) missing mass Prog.Theor.Phys.118: ,2007. arXiv: unknown strength between Q.F. & 2N abs. deep K-nucleus potential of ~200MeV - K - pnn? K - pp/ K - pnn? K - pn/ K - ppn? 4 He （ stopped K-,  N)

7 Experimental Situation of KNC (Cont’d)  NE We need conclusive evidence formationanddecay with observation of formation and decay !  -p invariant mass PRL, 94, (2005) NP, A789, 222 (2007) peak structure  signature of kaonic nuclei ? K - pp? PRL,104, (2010) K - pp?

8 Experimental Principle of J-PARC E15 search for K-pp bound state using 3 He(K -,n) reaction K-K- 3 He Formation exclusive measurement by Missing mass spectroscopy and Invariant mass reconstruction Decay K - pp cluster neutron  p p -- Mode to decay charged particles Missing mass Spectroscopy via neutron Invariant mass reconstruction

9 J-PARC E15 Setup 1GeV/c K- beam p  p n Neutron ToF Wall Cylindrical Detector System Beam Sweeping Magnet K1.8BR Beam Line flight length = 15m neutron Beam trajectory CDS & target Sweeping Magnet Neutron Counter Beam Line Spectrometer E15 will provide the conclusive evidence of K - pp

10 Possibility of “Double-Kaonic Nuclear Cluster” by Stopped-p bar Annihilation What will happen to put one more kaon in the kaonic nuclear cluster?

11 Double-Kaonic Nuclear Cluster The double-kaonic nuclear clusters have been predicted theoretically. The double-kaonic clusters have much stronger binding energy and a much higher density than single ones. B.E. [MeV] Width [MeV] Central- Density K-K-pp K-K-ppn  0 K-K-ppp-103- K-K-pppn  0 K-K-pppp-109- How to produce the double-kaonic nuclear cluster?  heavy ion collision  (K -,K + ) reaction  p bar A annihilation We use p bar A annihilation PL,B587,167 (2004). & NP, A754, 391c (2005).

The elementary p bar -p annihilation reaction with double-strangeness production: This reaction is forbidden for stopped p bar, because of a negative Q-value of 98MeV Double-Strangeness Production with p bar However, if multi kaonic nuclear exists with deep bound energy, following p bar annihilation reactions will be possible !  98MeV 12 theoreticalprediction B.E.=117MeV  =35MeV B.E.=221MeV  =37MeV

Production Mechanism of K - K - pp with p bar + 3 He? 13 it has been observed that cross section of p bar +p->KKKK with around 1GeV/c p bar -beam is very small of less than 1  b, so it would be very difficult experimentally. For example, the possible K - K - pp production mechanisms are as follows: with stopped p bar ①direct K - K - pp production with 3N annihilation  *  * production with 3N annihilation followed by K - K - pp formation with in-flight p bar in addition above 2ways, ③elementally p bar +p  KKKK production followed by K - K - pp formation It’s worthwhile to explore these exotic system with p bar, although the mechanism is NOT completely investigated! Some theorist’s comment: If the K - K - pp bound system can be exist, such system could be  *  * molecular system by analogy between  * K - p. Then the binding energy could be small of about from 30 to 60 MeV. A theoretical problem: The K - K - interactions have been calculated in lattice QCD as strongly repulsive interaction. However, these K-K- interactions are neglected simply in the PLB587,167 calculation which only shows the K-K-pp bound system.

14 Double-Strangeness Production Yield by Stopped-p bar Annihilation From several stopped-p bar experiments, the inclusive production yields are: Naively, the double-strangeness production yield would be considered as:  : reduction factor ~ 10 -2

15 Past Experiments of Double-Strangeness Production in Stopped-p bar Annihilation only 2 groups Observations of the double-strangeness production in stopped p bar annihilation have been reported by only 2 groups, and experimentchanneleventsyield (10 -4 ) DIANAK+K+XK+K+X40.31+/-0.16 [p bar +Xe]K+K0XK+K0X32.1+/-1.2 K+K+--psK+K+--ps 34+/ /-0.04 OBELIX K+K+-+n-K+K+-+n- 36+/ /-0.47 [p bar + 4 He] K+K+-nK+K+-n 16+/ /-0.29 K + K + K -  nn 4+/ /-0.14 Although observed statistics are very small, their results have indicated a high yield of ~10 -4

16 Past Experiments (Cont’d) DIANA [Phys.Lett., B464, 323 (1999).] p bar Xe annihilation p=<1GeV/c p bar ITEP 10GeV-PS 700-liter Xenon bubble chamber, w/o B-field 10 6 pictures  7.8x10 5 p bar Xe inelastic  2.8x10 5 p bar 0-0.4GeV/c Channeleventsyield (10 -4 ) K+K+XK+K+X40.31+/-0.16 K+K0XK+K0X32.1+/-1.2

channeleventsyield (10 -4 ) K+K+--psK+K+--ps 34+/ /-0.04 K+K+-+n-K+K+-+n- 36+/ /-0.47 K+K+-nK+K+-n 16+/ /-0.29 K + K + K -  nn 4+/ / Past Experiments (Cont’d) OBELIX (’86~’96) [Nucl. Phys., A797, 109 (2007).] p bar4 He annihilation stopped p CERN/LEAR gas target ( 4 H cylindrical spectrometer w/ B-field spiral projection chamber, scintillator barrels, jet-drift chambers 2.4x10 5 /4.7x10 4 events of 4/5-prong in 4 He p min = 100/150/300MeV/c for  /K/p they discuss the possibility of formation and decay of K - K - nn and K - K - pnn bound system

18 Experimental Approach The double-strangeness production yield of ~10 -4 makes it possible to explore the exotic systems.

19 How to Measure? we focus the reaction: (although K - K - pp decay modes are not known at all,) we assume the most energetic favored decay mode: We can measure the K - K - pp signal exclusively by detection of all particles, K + K 0 , using K 0   +  - mode final state = K + K 0  We need wide-acceptance detectors.

20 Expected Kinematics assumptions: widths of K - K - pp = 0 isotropic decay B.E=120MeV B.E=150MeV B.E=200MeV (th.+11MeV) In the K - K - pp production channel, the kaons have very small momentum of up to 300MeV/c, even if B.E.=200MeV. We have to construct low mass material detectors. K + K 0 X momentum spectra ~70MeV/c Kaon ~150MeV/c Kaon ~200MeV/c Kaon ~200MeV/c  from K 0 S, ~800MeV/c , ~700MeV/c p from , ~150MeV/c  - from 

21 Procedure of the K - K - pp Measurement Key points of the experiment high intensity p bar beam wide-acceptance and low-material detector How to measure the K-K-pp signal (semi-inclusive) K 0 S K + missing-mass w/  -tag (inclusive)  invariant mass (exclusive) K 0 S K +  detection * 1 because of the low-momentum kaon, it could be hard to detect all particles * 2 semi-inclusive and inclusive spectra could contain background from 2N annihilation and K - K - pp decays, respectively

22 Beam-Line We would like to perform the proposed experiment at J-PARC K1.8BR beam line (or K1.1) at J-PARC K1.8BR beam line (or K1.1) p bar stopping-rate  30GeV-9  A,  6.0degrees  Ni-target p bar production yield with a Sanford-Wang 1.3x10 3 stopped p bar 0.65GeV/c, l degrader  14cm Incident Beam momentum bite : +/-2.5% (flat) incident beam distribution : ideal Detectors Carbon Degrader : 1.99*g/cm 3 Plastic Scintillator : l=1cm, 1.032*g/cm 3 Liquid He3 target :  7cm, l=12cm, 0.080*g/cm 3 p bar stopping-rate evaluation by GEANT4

23 Detector Design Key points low material detector system wide acceptance with pID E15 K1.8BR CDC TypeAA’AUU’VV’AA’UU’VV’AA’ Layer radius ZTPC Layer1234 radius B = 0.5T CDC resolution :  r  = 0.2mm  z ’s depend on the tilt angles (~3mm) ZTPC resolution :  z = 1mm  r  is not used for present setup

24 Trigger Scheme p bar3 He charged particle multiplicity at rest CERN LEAR, streamer chamber exp. NPA518, ). NcBranch (%) / / / / / / expected stopped-p bar yield = 1.3x10 3 /spill All events with a scintillator hit can be accumulated K-K-pp event

25 Detector Acceptance E15 K1.8BR ---  detection --- K 0 S K + w/  -tag detection --- K 0 S K +  detection P bar + 3 He  K + +K 0 S +K - K - pp, K - K - pp  ,  (K - K - pp)=100MeV binding energy

26 Expected K - K - pp Production Yield pbar beam momentum : 0.65GeV/c beam intensity : 3.4x kW pbar stopping rate : 3.9% stopped-p bar yield : 1.3x10 3 /spill/3.5s we assume K - K - pp production rate = K-K-pp production yield = 2.3x kW DAQ & ana efficiency = 0.7 & duty factor = 0.7 expected K - K - pp yield = 1.1x kW w/o detector acceptance

27 Expected K - K - pp Detction Yield P bar + 3 He  K + +K 0 S +K - K - pp, K - K - pp  ,  (K - K - pp)=100MeV E15 K1.8BR ---  detection --- K 0 S K + w/  -tag detection --- K 0 S K +  detection binding energy K - K - pp production rate = Br(K - K - pp   ) = 100%

28 Backgrounds (semi-inclusive) K 0 S K + missing-mass w/  -tag (semi-inclusive) K 0 S K + missing-mass w/  -tag (inclusive)  invariant mass (inclusive)  invariant mass  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K-K-pp  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + +  +   stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + +  0 +  0 +  0  …  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K 0 +  0 + (n)  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K - +  0 + (p)  … 3N annihilation 2N annihilation  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K-K-pp   +   stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K-K-pp   +  0  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K-K-pp   0 +  0  stopped-p bar + 3 He  K 0 S + K + + K-K-pp   +  +  0  … missing  missing 2  missing  

29 Expected Spectra expected spectrum with the assumptions: branching ratio of K - K - pp: BR(K - K - pp   ) = 0.1 BR(K - K - pp   0 ) = 0.1 BR(K - K - pp   0  0 = 0.1 BR(K - K - pp   0 ) = 0.7 production rate: K - K - pp bound-state = (3N) K - K -  phase-space = (3N) K + K 0  0  0  0 phase-space = (2N) K + K 0 K 0  0 (n) phase-space = (2N) K + K 0 K -  0 (p) phase-space =  =  detection 2K = K + K 0 w/  -tag detection 2  2K = K + K 0  detection Monte-Carlo simulation using GEANT4 toolkit reaction and decay are considered to be isotropic and proportional to the phase space energy losses are NOT corrected in the spectra w/o Fermi-motion

30 Expected 270kW, 4weeks # of K - K - pp   = 406  invariant mass (2  )  invariant mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp   = 35 K + K 0 missing mass (2K) K + K 0 missing mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp = 1293 # of K - K - pp = 203 stopped pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks In the  spectra, we cannot discriminate the K-K-pp going to  signals from the backgrounds, if K - K - pp has theses decay modes. In the  spectra, we cannot discriminate the K-K-pp going to  signals from the backgrounds, if K - K - pp has theses decay modes. In contrast, the K 0 K + missing mass spectroscopy is attractive for us because we can ignore the K - K - pp decay mode. In contrast, the K 0 K + missing mass spectroscopy is attractive for us because we can ignore the K - K - pp decay mode.

31 Summary

32 Summary We propose to search for double strangeness production by p bar annihilation on 3 He nuclei at rest. The proposed experiment will provide significant information on double strangeness production and double strangeness cluster states, K - K - pp. The experimental key points are high-intensity p bar beam and wide-acceptance/low-material detector system. We propose to perform the experiment at K1.8BR beam-line with the E15 spectrometer. We are now preparing the proposal for J-PARC based on the LoI.

33

34 Back-Up

35 K - pp Production with p bar at rest Of course, we can measure K - pp production! From several stopped-p bar experiments, the inclusive production yields are: Very simply, expected K - pp yield is 100 times larger than the K - K - pp production!  -p invariant mass NP, A789, 222 (2007) K - pp?

36 Expected 270kW, 4weeks stopped pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks K + K 0  missing-mass 2 (2K2  )

37 Expected 50kW, 4weeks 37 # of K - K - pp   = 75  invariant mass (2  )  invariant mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp   = 6 K + K 0 missing mass (2K) K + K 0 missing mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp = 239 # of K - K - pp = 38 stopped pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 50kW, 4weeks

38 Expected 50kW, 4weeks stopped pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 50kW, 4weeks K + K 0  missing-mass 2 (2K2  )

in-flight experiment

40 Detector Acceptance E15 K1.8BR P bar + 3 He  K + +K 0 S +K - K - pp, K - K - pp  ,  (K - K - pp)=100MeV binding energy ---  detection --- K 0 S K + w/  -tag detection --- K 0 S K +  detection stopped 1GeV/c

41 Expected K - K - pp Production Yield pbar beam momentum : 1GeV/c beam intensity : 6.4x kW we assume K - K - pp production rate = for 1GeV/c pbar+p (analogy from the DIANA result of double-strangeness production although the result are from pbar+ 131 Xe reaction) inelastic cross-section of 1GeV/c pbar+p is (117-45) = 72mb K - K - pp production CS = 7.2  b for 1GeV/c pbar+p

42 Expected K - K - pp Production Yield (Cont’d) DAQ & ana efficiency = 0.7 & duty factor = 0.7 expected K - K - pp yield = 7.5x kW w/o detector acceptance K-K-pp production yield = 1.5x kW L 3 He parameters: *  = 0.08g/cm 3 * l = 12cm N =  * N B * N T N : yield  : cross section N B : the number of beam N T : the number of density per unit area of the target BG rate: total CS = 117mb pbar = 6.4x10 5 /spill BG = 1.4x10 4 /spill

43 Expected K - K - pp Detection Yield E15 K1.8BR P bar + 3 He  K + +K 0 S +K - K - pp, K - K - pp  ,  (K - K - pp)=100MeV binding energy ---  detection --- K 0 S K + w/  -tag detection --- K 0 S K +  detection stopped 1GeV/c

44 Expected 270kW, 4weeks 44 # of K - K - pp   = 1397  invariant mass (2  )  invariant mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp   = 94 K + K 0 missing mass (2K) K + K 0 missing mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp = 8095 # of K - K - pp = 392 1GeV/c pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks

45 Expected 270kW, 4weeks 1GeV/c pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks K + K 0  missing-mass 2 (2K2  )

with K1.1

47 Detector Design (Cont’d) new dipole K1.1 CDC TypeAA’AUU’VV’AA’UU’VV’AA’ Layer radius INC (wire chamber) TypeAA’AUU’VV’AA’AUU’VV’AA’A Layer radius The design goal is to become the common setup for the  -nuclei experiment with in-flight p bar -beam B = 0.5T Double Cylindrical-Drift-Chamber setup pID is performed with dE/dx measurement by the INC INC resolution :  r  = 0.2mm,  z = 2mm (UV) CDC resolution :  r  = 0.2mm,  z = 2mm (UV) CDC is NOT used for the stopped-p bar experiment

48 Detector Acceptance K  detection --- K 0 S K + w/  -tag detection --- K 0 S K +  detection P bar + 3 He  K + +K 0 S +K - K - pp, K - K - pp  ,  (K - K - pp)=100MeV binding energy stopped 1GeV/c

49 Expected K - K - pp Detection Yield K  detection --- K 0 S K + w/  -tag detection --- K 0 S K +  detection P bar + 3 He  K + +K 0 S +K - K - pp, K - K - pp  ,  (K - K - pp)=100MeV binding energy stopped 1GeV/c

50 Expected 270kW, 4weeks 50 # of K - K - pp   = 282  invariant mass (2  )  invariant mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp   = 27 K + K 0 missing mass (2K) K + K 0 missing mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp = 1719 # of K - K - pp = 238 stopped pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks

51 Expected 270kW, 4weeks stopped pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks K + K 0  missing-mass 2 (2K2  )

52 Expected 270kW, 4weeks 52 # of K - K - pp   = 1112  invariant mass (2  )  invariant mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp   = 76 K + K 0 missing mass (2K) K + K 0 missing mass (2K2  ) # of K - K - pp = 7915 # of K - K - pp = 435 1GeV/c pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks

53 Expected 270kW, 4weeks 1GeV/c pbar B.E=200MeV,  =100MeV 270kW, 4weeks K + K 0  missing-mass 2 (2K2  )

54

55 Interpretation of the Experimental Results  Although observed statistics are very small, the results have indicated a high yield of ~10 -4, which is naively estimated to be ~  Possible candidates of the double-strangeness production mechanism are:  rescattering cascades,  exotic B>0 annihilation (multi-nucleon annihilation) formation of a cold QGP, deeply-bound kaonic nuclei, H-particle, and so on single-nucleon annihilation rescattering cascades multi-nucleon annihilation B=0 B>0 B>0 the mechanism is NOT known well because of low statistics of the experimental results!

56 K + K 0  Final State & Background This exclusive channel study is equivalent to the unbound (excited) H-dibaryon search! Q-valueX momentum  mass  angle K - K - ppvery small~ at restM  > 2M  back to back H-dibaryonlargeboostedM  ~ 2M  ~ 0 Possible background channels direct K + K 0  production channels, like:  0   contaminations, like: be eliminated by the kinematical constraint, ideally be distinguished by inv.-mass only  major background source

57 Expected Kinematics (Cont’d) M H = 2M   momentum  inv. mass  spectra  opening-angle strong correlation of  opening-angle in K - K - pp/H productions

58 Schedule Year (JFY)K1.8BR K1.1 (  N) 2009beam-tuneproposal 2010E17R&D, design 2011E17R&D, design 2012E15/E31construction 2013E15/E31commissioning 2014…data taking The proposed experiment will be scheduled in around JFY2014, whether we conduct the experiment at K1.8BR or K1.1 beam-line. K1.8BR : after E17/E15/E31? K1.1 : joint project with the  N experiment?

Past Experiments of Stopped-p bar Annihilation

charged particle multiplicity at rest form Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento 17, 1 (1994). CERN LEAR streamer chamber exp. NIM A234, 30 (1985). They obtained

KKbar production-rate for pbar+p at rest form Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento 17, 1 (1994). the KKbar production-rate R for pbar+p annihilation at rest (obtained from hydrogen bubble chamber data) There is a great deal of data on the production of strange particles on 1 H and 2 H but only few ones on heavier nuclei.

 /K 0 s production-rate and multiplicity for pbar+A at rest form Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento 17, 1 (1994). charge multiplicities decrease by ~1 when  /K 0 S is produced

DIANA [Phys.Lett., B464, 323 (1999).] p bar Xe annihilation p=<1GeV/c p bar ITEP 10GeV-PS 700-liter Xenon bubble chamber, w/o B-field 10 6 pictures  7.8x10 5 p bar Xe inelastic  2.8x10 5 p bar 0-0.4GeV/c p bar Xe  K + K + X : 4 events  (0.31+/-0.16)x10 -4 p bar Xe  K + K 0  X : 3 events  (2.1+/-1.2)x10 -4  4 events  3 events

interpretation of the DIANA result (p bar Xe) from J.Cugnon et al., NP, A587, 596 (1995). The observed double strangeness yield is explained by conventional processes described by the intranuclear cascade model, as listed in the following tables. They also show the B=2 annihilations, described with the help of the statistical model, are largely able to account for the observed yield: i.e., the branching ratio of the  KK state in p bar -NNN annihilation is equal to ~10 -4 at rest (B=1 annihilations are not so helpful). However they claim the frequency of even B=1 annihilation is of the order of 3-5% at the most [J.Cugnon et al., NP, A517, 533 (1990).] (is it common knowledge ?), so they conclude it would be doubtful to attempt a fit of the data with a mixture of B=0 and 2 annihilations. On the other hand, the Crystal Barrel CERN/LEAR concludes their p bar d   K 0 /  0 K 0 measurements disagree strongly with conventional two-step model predictions and support the statistical (fireball) model.

experimental values are not final values of the DIANA data

Crystal Barrel (’86~’96) [Phys. Lett., B469, 276 (1999).] p bar4 He annihilation stopped p CERN/LEAR liquid deuteron target cylindrical spectrometer w/ B-field SVX, CDC, CsI crystals ~10 6 events of 2/4-prong with topological triggers support the statistical model

OBELIX (’86~’96) [Nucl. Phys., A797, 109 (2007).] p bar4 He annihilation stopped p CERN/LEAR gas target ( 4 H cylindrical spectrometer w/ B-field spiral projection chamber, scintillator barrels, jet-drift chambers 238,746/47,299 events of 4/5-prong in 4 He p min = 100/150/300MeV/c for  /K/p 34+/-8 events  (0.17+/-0.04)x prong 5-prong * (xx) is not observed 4+/-2 events  (0.28+/-0.14)x /-6 events  (2.71+/-0.47)x /-4 events  (1.21+/-0.29)x10 -4 they discuss the possibility of formation and decay of K - K - nn and K - K - pnn bound system