Today: Effects of Technological Change Week 3, Lesson 7 Friday, September 18, 1998 Dr. Vincent Duffy - IEEM SOSC Science, Technology and Society 1

n n Q.1 What were the primary and secondary effects of increased use of trucks and automobiles? u Today’s lesson: to provide practice at determining primary and secondary effects u primary effect F increased efficiency of the transport of goods u secondary effect F pollution 2

Q.2 When did pollution become a problem? Recently? v Increasing since when? v Since the Industrial Revolution? – Even earlier u Victorian England u deforestation before the Industrial Revolution u contributed to need for coal mined for fuel 3

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n How recently were side effects severe? n London Killer Fog, December 1952 u soft coal smoke, sulfer dioxide, fumes u trapped in warm air mass u dense poisonous gas killed people 5

n Q.1 continued. n Q.1 continued. What is another secondary effect of the increased use of trucks and automobiles? u u Specifically related to air pollution u u Acid rain 6

Acid rain n acid rain is a product of air pollution u in europe, N.A, and Africa F bad air - acid rain when too much emissions from factories and automobiles F forming acid in clouds - pollutants combined with moisture to form acid in clouds. F acidified clouds - carried great distances from industrial centers before releasing the moisture F particles in the clouds do not mix, clouds deposit particles as dry rain. F acid particles damage soil and root systems F damage to lakes, forests and car paint 7

Q.3 What are primary and secondary effects of the increased use of pesticides and synthetic (manmade) fertilizers? n Primary results u Increased agriculture output n Secondary results u usually unintended or unplanned results u the secondary effects/results usually show up over the long term u increased side effects to lakes, streams, etc. 8

Age composition of fish in Patten Lake n Q.4. What is unusual about the graph of the fish in Patten Lake? 9

Secondary results/effects n See reading for today u Air pollution index in Sarawak, Malaysis hits 635 (last year) u next chapter of the text will be online  Monday: Projects in the public sector: what information is needed for analysis? u related to your homework  Social payoff/social cost n homework 1 distributed n L3 - please check your QOTD from Wed. 11

Predicting secondary results u What does this index mean? F ‘good’ F ‘moderate’ F ‘unhealthy’ F ‘very unhealthy’ u Environmental protection department u F 29 ‘unhealthy’ days in industrial area in H.K. u What can be done? F pollution control F regulate or limit emissions 12