From immigration to labour market integration: evidence from London The Third International Population Geographies Conference, University of Liverpool – June 19 th 2006 Anne Green Institute for Employment Research University of Warwick
Outline and key messages Context labour market governance migration context Generic issues barriers to integration support needs Types of initiatives Assessment of strengths and gaps in approach Uniqueness of London within UK context – global city role – “the world in one city” Migrants face specific aspects of more general barriers Multiplicity of initiatives, but often reliant on short- term funding Relative lack of employer involvement
Context Labour market UK economic performance “relatively strong” relatively flexible labour market London: strong economic growth and low employment rates - challenge of linking residents to jobs Governance London: “weak government and strong economic growth” patchwork of national, regional and local agencies responsible for different aspects of migration integration Migration London as key destination for migrants – 30% Londoners born outside UK, 29% of London’s population from BME groups (5 times UK average) UK government policy: managed migration and tough measures to tackle asylum abuse Upsurge in asylum seekers from late 1990s to 2002; focus on refugees (→ newcomers) Withdrawal of employment concession for asylum seekers in 2002
Employment rates in London by country of birth, 2001
Barriers to labour market integration Skills/ competencies generic skills specific competencies for particular jobs specific qualifications for particular jobs understanding how the labour market operates Availability for work legal barriers social barriers Employer attitudes prejudice /stereotyping confusion language skills – importance of English competencies and qualifications may differ between countries lack of local work experience lack of knowledge of local labour markets migration status work in informal economy dependence on intermediaries lack of support networks racism; stigmatisation of living in poor areas lack of information
Types of support needed for labour market integration Help with job search Confidence building CV preparation Short-term training for specific vacancies Language training Mentoring Work experience placements/ programmes Qualification recognition ‘Bridging’ training for professional roles Linking with the demand-side: LMI skill deficiencies; employer good practice guides Key questions/ issues Speed of integration: ‘work first’ and train later? does ‘work first’ pose risk of under-employment and skills depletion? Whose responsibility? How can support be provided and delivered in the context of uncertainty about the size and complexion of migrant flows? How does migration regulate labour markets and shape labour market norms?
Types of initiatives in London (1) Importance of a partnership approach Renewal Access to education and training Refugee Education Training & Advisory Service Women’s Textiles & Dressmaking Project (Arab Group, Hounslow) English Language Support (ESOL) provision in a range of settings; some vocational courses Recognition of qualifications NARIC, The Migrant and Refugees Qualifications Project Acculturation to UK society and the labour market Bridge to Work Project
Types of initiatives in London (2) Accessing employment Action for the Capital’s Refugee Engineers Mentoring Mentoring Programme for Refugee Doctors Encouraging and supporting entrepreneurship various funding opportunities and support programmes Support to build social and community capital Global Grants Programme Signposting and onward referral to other agencies of fundamental importance given the proliferation of organisations and activity concerned with migrant and refugee integration
Assessment of strengths and gaps Strengths “strength in depth” volume of activity breadth of approaches: - community support - range of delivery - skills development - entrepreneurship recognition of importance of English language (academic) qualification recognition Gaps complexity – move towards strategic co- ordination (via LORECA) short-termism and instability employer involvement establishing a coherent policy framework emphasising and tackling acculturation relative lack of attention to informal sector
For further information see: Local_integration_report.pdf Local integration of migrants into the labour market: UK case study – The case of refugees in London