 Dissociative Phenomena  Depersonalization  Altered Perception of Self  Derealization  Altered Perception of World  Common Experience

“Normal” Dissociation “Normal” Dissociation Amnesia Fugue Dissociative Identity Deperson- alization Deperson- alization

 Depersonalization or Derealization  As primary issue  Causes Significant Distress  Impairs Functioning  Usually Runs a Chronic Course  High comorbidity with depression and anxiety

 Psychogenic Memory Loss  Generalized  Unable to remember anything  Localized or Selective  Failure to recall specific events  Assumed to be traumatic events

 Related to Dissociative Amnesia  Memory Loss  Specific Incident or Trigger  Move to Another Location  Unaware How They Arrived  Often Assume a New Identity  Fugue Often Ends Abruptly

 Treatment  Usually get better without treatment  Most eventually remember what they have forgotten

 Previously Labeled Multiple Personality Disorder  Person’s Identity or Personality Is Dissociated  Adoption of Several New Identities  Reported cases of 100+  Identities Display Unique Characteristics/Behavior

 Terminology  Alters – different identities or personalities  Host – the identity that keeps other identities together  Switch – quick transition from one personality to another

 Severe Childhood Abuse  97% of Cases  Escape into Fantasy World  Become Someone Else to Survive  Closely Related to PTSD  High Level of Suggestibility  Hypnotizability  Hypnosis Seen as a Form of Dissociation  Related to DID?

 Treatment  Awareness and Integration of Identities  Neutralize Triggers to Dissociation including Memories of Trauma  Similar to PTSD

 Recovered Memory Syndrome  False vs. Real Memories  Can False Memories Be Created?  Do Therapists “Plant” Memories?  Consequences of the Debate