Fossil Fuel Innovation Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

National Energy Technology Lab “Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil Fuel Energy Technology” Enabling domestic coal, natural gas, and oil to economically power our Nation’s homes, industries, businesses, and transportation … While protecting our environment and enhancing our energy independence. NETL has expertise in coal, natural gas, and oil technologies, contract and project management, analysis of energy systems, and international energy issues.

Types of Fossil Fuels Petroleum (oil) Natural Gas Coal Oil Shale Tar Sands

Petroleum

Drilling for Oil

Coal

Coal Mining Underground MineOpen Pit Mine

Sulfur in Coal

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Well, Storage, Pipeline

US Natural Gas Pipeline Network

North American Natural Gas Flows

Tar Sands

Oil Shale

Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution  Create carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) when burned Implicated in global warming  Nitrous oxides (NO x ) – smog  Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) – acid rain  Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant

Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant CategoryPower Plant100W Light Bulb Power500 MW100 W Energy / year3.5 billion kWh876 kWh Coal / year1.43 million tons714 lbs Sulfur Dioxide / year10,000 Tons5 pounds Nitrogen Oxides / year10,200 Tons5.1 pounds Carbon Dioxide / year3,700,000 Tons1,852 pounds

Need for Clean Coal

CO 2 Mitigation Options

CO 2 Mitigation Options

Improving Power Plant Efficiency

Basic Idea of a Power Plant Spinning turbine blades and generator Boiling water Steam

Conventional Coal Power Plant

Modern Coal PP Waste Disposal

Fluidized Bed

Fluidized Bed Combustion Detail

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycle

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle (PFBC)

Supercritical & Ultrasupercritical

Increasing Efficiency with Coal

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

CO 2 Mitigation Options

Carbon Capture & Storage Capture and store emissions of carbon dioxide  Removed from the exhaust gases of the power station  Stored so as not to enter the atmosphere thus reducing global warming. Carbon storage is not yet cost-effective Required technologies are already proven Similar technologies used commercially in food and chemicals industry

Goals of Carbon Sequestration Effective and cost-competitive Stable, long term storage Environmentally benign

Carbon Capture Absorption (chemical and physical) Adsorption (physical and chemical) Low-temperature distillation Gas separation membranes Mineralization and biomineralization

Carbon Sequestration Options

Types of Carbon Sequestration Geologic Sequestration Ocean Sequestration Terrestrial Sequestration Novel Sequestration Concepts

Geologic Sequestration Porous rock bodies surrounded by impermeable rock are ideal for CO2 storage Oil and gas reservoirs  Inject CO 2 to improve recovery Coal bed methane  Inject CO 2 into coal seams to extract methane Inject into deep saline (salt) formations  No direct economic benefit

Geologic Sequestration

Ocean Sequestration Ice-like CO 2 /H 2 O (water) hydrates  Form in the deep ocean at low temperatures and high pressures Oceans will naturally absorb 80-90% of CO 2 in atmosphere  Eventually transferred to deep ocean  Too slow to prevent CO 2 spike in next 100s years Research investigating direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean

Ocean Sequestration

Terrestrial Sequestration Forest lands.  Below-ground carbon and long-term management and utilization of standing stocks, understory, ground cover, and litter. Agricultural lands.  Crop lands, grasslands, and range lands  Emphasis on increasing long-lived soil carbon. Biomass croplands  Increase soil carbon and value-added organic products  Complement to ongoing efforts related to biofuels,the Deserts and degraded lands  Restoration of degraded lands significant benefits and carbon sequestration potential in both below-and above-ground systems. Boreal wetlands and peatlands  Soil carbon pools  Limited conversion to forest or grassland where ecologically acceptable.

Terrestrial Sequestration Click image for video clip

Novel CS Concepts Biological systems; Advanced catalysts for CO 2 or CO conversion; Novel solvents, sorbents, membranes, and thin films for gas separation; Engineered photosynthesis systems; Non-photosynthetic mechanisms for CO2 fixation (methanogenesis and acetogenesis); Genetic manipulation of agricultural and tree to enhance CO 2 sequestering potential; Advanced decarbonization systems; and Biomimetic systems.

Carbon Sequestration

Federal Initiatives

DOE Vision 21

DOE Vision 21 By 2015, develop the core modules for a fleet of fuel-flexible, multi-product energy plants that boost power efficiencies to 60+ percent, emit virtually no pollutants, and with carbon sequestration release minimal or no carbon emissions.  Wide variety of fuels such as coal, natural gas, biomass, petroleum coke (from oil refineries), and municipal waste

Vision 21 Multidisciplinary

Vision 21 Goals Efficiencies  Coal-fueled: >60% HHV  Gas-Fueled: >75%  Combined Heat & Power: 75-80% thermal Emissions  Air/Wastes: Zero  CO2: Zero (with sequestration) Costs  Electricity at market prices

Vision 21 Technology Roadmap

Vision 21 Power Plant

DOE FutureGen FutureGen is an initiative to build the world's first integrated sequestration and hydrogen production research power plant. The $1 billion dollar project is intended to create the world's first zero-emissions fossil fuel plant. When operational, the prototype will be the cleanest fossil fuel fired power plant in the world.

FutureGen Tomorrow's Pollution-Free Power Plant "Today I am pleased to announce that the United States will sponsor a $1 billion, 10- year demonstration project to create the world's first coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen power plant..."  President George W. Bush February 27,

FutureGen

FutureGen

Orlando Clean Coal Power Plant

Polk Power Station – Tampa

Next: Renewable Energy Integration

Extra Slides

Ultra-Clean Coal (UCC) Primarily in Australia Process coal to have <1% ash Alternative to heavy fuel oil and gas

Ultra-Clean Coal

Coal Gasification

Fluidized Bed Technology

Oceanic Carbon Cycle