The long and winding road of alternate assessments Where we started, where we are now, and the road ahead! Rachel F. Quenemoen, Senior Research Fellow, NCEO National Center on Educational Outcomes

NCEO STATE SURVEY REPORTS 2005 State Special Education Outcomes: Steps Forward in a Decade of Change2005 State Special Education Outcomes: Steps Forward in a Decade of Change 2003 State Special Education Outcomes: Marching On2003 State Special Education Outcomes: Marching On 2001 State Special Education Outcomes: A Report on State Activities at the Beginning of a New Decade2001 State Special Education Outcomes: A Report on State Activities at the Beginning of a New Decade 1999 State Special Education Outcomes: A Report on State Activities at the End of the Century1999 State Special Education Outcomes: A Report on State Activities at the End of the Century Thompson & Thurlow (1999, 2001, 2003) Thompson, Johnstone, Thurlow, & Altman (2005)

Survey topics across years Stakeholder expectations Content coverage (linkage to content standards) Approaches (test format) Scoring criteria and procedures Performance/achievement descriptors and achievement standard setting Reporting and accountability

Other NCEO reports referenced; also Pre IDEA 97 Reports Other NCEO syntheses of State status, slides 5, 6, 10, 11 “Devil in the Details” NCEO studies, slides 25, 26 Archived NCEO State Reports State Special Education Outcomes

Pioneers: Kentucky and Maryland Maryland IMAP Kentucky Alternate Portfolio assessment system. BOTH were in response to external demands for accountability (legislature, courts) Ysseldyke, J., Thurlow, M., Erickson, R., Gabrys, R., Haigh, J., Trimble, S., & Gong, B. (1996). A comparison of state assessment systems in Maryland and Kentucky with a focus on the participation of students with disabilities (Maryland- Kentucky Report 1).

Ysseldyke, J. E., & Olsen, K. R. (1997).* 1. Alternate assessments focus on authentic skills and on assessing experiences in community and other real life environments. 2. Alternate assessments should measure integrated skills across domains. 3. If at all possible, alternate assessment systems should use continuous documentation methods. 4. Alternate assessment systems should include as critical criteria the extent to which the system provides the needed supports and adaptations, and trains the student to use them. * Putting alternate assessments into practice: What to measure and possible sources of data (Synthesis Report No. 28).

IDEA 1997 First Federal requirement of alternate assessments, LEA and SEA IDEA Amendments of 1997 – Preamble 4) … the implementation of this Act has been impeded by low expectations, and an insufficient focus on applying replicable research on proven methods of teaching and learning for children with disabilities. (5) Over 20 years of research and experience has demonstrated that the education of children with disabilities can be made more effective by -- (A) having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access in the general curriculum to the maximum extent possible; [Access AND progress]

POST IDEA 1997 Where did we start? Part 1 Stakeholders – expectations, principles Content coverage – Generic “Standards” throughout – content standards linkage understanding and focus came later, and later yet, achievement standards were differentiated from content standards (with great difficulty!) Approaches –portfolios, checklists, performance assessments, IEP driven, other… (Some evidence in survey responses/verification of confusion about what terms meant)

Stakeholder estimates of students who cannot take regular assessment <1 – 1% > 1– 2% > 2– 4% > 4% Delaware* Kansas Kentucky Maryland Minnesota Nebraska Vermont California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Indiana Florida* Louisiana Nevada Oregon Rhode Island Virginia Arkansas* Connecticut Massachusetts Missouri New Hampshire New Mexico Utah Washington Wisconsin Mississippi Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas* West Virginia *State provided percentage of students with disabilities was transformed to a percentage of all students using the special education rate.

Examples of principles Thompson & Thurlow, 2000* State #1 Expectations for all students should be high, regardless of the existence of any disability The goals for an educated student must be applicable to all students, regardless of disability. Special education programs must be an extension and adaptation of general education programs rather than an alternate or separate system. State #2 Meet the law. Nonabusive to students, staff, parents. Inexpensive. Easy to do and takes little time. State alternate assessments: Status as IDEA alternate assessment requirements take effect (Synthesis Report No. 35).

Thompson & Thurlow (2000). Who involved: many states included general and special education reps, a small number saw it as a special education initiative. Nine states plan to base their alternate assessment on separate standards or skill sets that are not linked to general education standards. Most common approach: collection of a body of evidence that assesses functional indicators of progress toward state standards using a variety of performance-based assessment strategies. Areas of greatest need for development are scoring procedures and how data will be reported.

Content Addressed by Alternate Assessments: Change Over Time YearFnctl skill, No link St stnd Fnctl skill Link St stnd St stnd Plus Fnctl skills Exp/ ext St stnd* Grade level stnd** IEP team deter cntnt OtherRevis ing *Category possibly included grade level standards prior to 2005 ** Category introduced in 2005

Pioneer: Massachusetts Wiener, D. (2005). One state's story: Access and alignment to the GRADE-LEVEL content for students with significant cognitive disabilities (Synthesis Report 57).

Changing Curricular Context for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities Early 1970s –Adapting infant/early childhood curriculum for students with the most significant disabilities of all ages 1980s –Rejected “developmental model” –Functional, life skills curriculum emerged 1990s –Also: social inclusion focus –Also: self determination focus –Assistive technology 2000 –General curriculum access (academic content) –Plus earlier priorities (functional, social, self determination) –Digitally accessible materials

Alternate Assessment Approaches (from 2005 Survey) YearPortfolio or Body of Evidence Rating Scale or Checklist IEP Analysis OtherIn Develop- ment/ Revision Regular States (56%) 4 (8%)5 (10%) 6 (12%) 7 (14%) (48%) 9 (18%)3 (6%)12 (24%) 2 (4%) (46%)15 (30%)4 (8%) 5 (10%) 3 (6%) 2005*25 (50%)** 7(14%)***2 (4%) 7 (14%) 8 (16%) Unique States (44%) 0 (0%)1 (11%) 3 (33%) (11%) 0 (0%) 1 (11%) **Of these 25 states, 13 use a standardized set of performance/events/tasks/skills. ***Of these 7 states, three require the submission of student work.

Where did we start? Part 2 Scoring criteria and procedures and on Performance/achievement descriptors and achievement standard setting – 2001 and on Reporting and Accountability – 2001 and on (In addition to confusion about terms, there is some evidence in survey responses/verification of a tendency to give the “right” answer)

Student Performance Measures

System Performance Measures No system measures Parent Satisfaction General education participation Appropriateness Staff support Variety of settings

Outcomes Measured by Rubrics on Alternate Assessments 25 (40) 25 (32 independence) 23 (23) 20 (21) (18) 13 (20) 10 (20) (12) Skill/Competence_ Level of Assistance Degree of Progress Number/Variety of Settings Alignment with Academic Content Standards Ability to Generalize Appropriateness Staff Support Social Relationships Self Determination Participation in General Education Settings Support Number of Regular States (Numbers in parentheses from 2001)

2001, Alternate Assessment Scorers Other (20%) Developing/ revising (6%) State education agency (NA) Test contractor (24%) Teachers in other districts (26%) Student’s teacher/ IEP member (44%) Teachers within district (12%) Numbers in parentheses % from 2001 Numbers on chart in black % from 2003

Alternate Assessment Achievement Level Descriptors Year Same as general assessment Different from general Assessment Currently developing/ revising Regular States (36%) 19 (38%) 13 (26%) (62%) 16 (32%) 3 (27%) Unique States (27%) 2 (18%) 3 (27%)

States with standard setting process Regular States

PIONEERS: Arkansas, Washington, Massachusetts Early standard-setting approaches Commitment to “real” assessment methodology “Tell me - how will we set standards on this test?” Arkansas Assessment Director “What the h… does proficiency mean for these kids?” Washington Chief State School Officer

Quenemoen, R. F., Lehr, C. A., Thurlow, M. L., & Massanari, C. B. (2001). Students with disabilities in standards-based assessment and accountability systems: Emerging issues, strategies, and recommendations (Synthesis Report 37). CCSSO alternate assessment presession report Bechard, S. (2001). Models for reporting the results of alternate assessments within state accountability systems (Synthesis Report 39). Roeber, E. (2002). Setting standards on alternate assessments (Synthesis Report 42). Quenemoen, R., & Thurlow, M., (2002). Including alternate assessment results in accountability decisions (Policy Directions No. 13). Devil in the Details

Devil in the Details, continued Quenemoen, R., Rigney, S., & Thurlow, M. (2002). Use of alternate assessment results in reporting and accountability systems: Conditions for use based on research and practice (Synthesis Report 43). Quenemoen, R., Thompson, S. & Thurlow, M. (2003). Measuring academic achievement of students with significant cognitive disabilities: Building understanding of alternate assessment scoring criteria (Synthesis Report 50). Gong, B., & Marion, S. (2006). Dealing with flexibility in assessments for students with significant cognitive disabilities (Synthesis Report 60).

Flexibility and Standardization Nominal categories are NOT often useful for characterizing the technical aspects of the assessment (see Gong & Marion, 2006). The evaluation of technical adequacy interacts with the types of alternate assessments (i.e., choices/ degree of flexibility-standardization) being employed. This does NOT mean that standardization is good and flexibility is bad—it all depends on purposes!

Alternate Assessment Approaches (from 2005 Survey) YearPortfolio or Body of Evidence Rating Scale or Checklist IEP Analysis OtherIn Develop- ment/ Revision Regular States (56%) 4 (8%)5 (10%) 6 (12%) 7 (14%) (48%) 9 (18%)3 (6%)12 (24%) 2 (4%) (46%)15 (30%)4 (8%) 5 (10%) 3 (6%) (50%)** 7(14%)***2 (4%) 7 (14%) 8 (16%) Unique States (44%) 0 (0%)1 (11%) 3 (33%) (11%) 0 (0%) 1 (11%) **Of these 25 states, 13 use a standardized set of performance/events/ tasks/ skills. ***Of these 7 states, three require the submission of student work.

Development or revision Area Number of Regular States Approach 8 Content 10 Standard-setting 13 Scoring Criteria 17

Survey topics: Where are we now? Stakeholder expectations Content coverage (linkage to content standards) Approaches (test format) Scoring criteria and procedures Performance/achievement descriptors and achievement standard setting Reporting and accountability

Where are we now? Part 1 Stakeholder expectations – stakeholder estimates of less than 1% to more than 4% of all students in 1999 (see slide 8). In 2007, with 2% regulation, we have seen data from under 1% to as high as 9% of all students in alternates. Content coverage – National Alternate Assessment Center work – University of Kentucky: Is it reading? Is it math? Is it science?; University of North Carolina: Links for Academic Learning; other methodologies for alignment. Peer Review suggests great variability, near and far linkages, but a steady trend is toward academic content. Approach –Degree and logic of flexibility and standardization choices… Nominal categories are not particularly useful descriptors. Unfortunately, “…the naked eye is drawn to test format” not educational soundness (Baker, 2007)

Where are we now? Part 2 Scoring criteria and procedures – What does student performance look like? Student vs. system? How do we measure “independence?” Who scores? Who checks? Trust but verify? Flexibility vs. standardization issue. Peer Review suggests great variability on this. Performance/achievement descriptors and standard setting – Achievement on the content? Is the content clearly referenced? How good is good enough? What should these students know and be able to do? How well? Needs careful monitoring over time, consequential validity studies. Reporting and accountability – NCLB and IDEA define that for now… stay tuned. Reporting remains a challenge in some states.

More or less than meets the eye? BECAUSE of the number of uncertainties still in play, we need: Transparency Integrity Consequential validity studies Planned improvement over time

What is the road ahead? Knowing What Students Know: The science and design of educational assessment (NRC, 2001), synthesized a tremendous body of learning and measurement research and set an ambitious direction for the development of more valid assessments. New Hampshire Enhanced Assessment Initiative (NHEAI) and National Alternate Assessment Center (NAAC) research/partner states validity framework to apply to alternate assessment

Pioneers: Connecticut and Georgia Connecticut Technical Manual StateForum/CMTCAPTTechnicalManual2.pdf Georgia Technical Manual Through NHEAI/NAAC Expert Panel review: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Colorado, Connecticut; Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Rhode Island, South Carolina

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