The Stuff of the Universe What is nature “made of”? Horsehead nebula in Orion

Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Determined by temperature and pressure

Rock

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds Life, the Universe & Everything

Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? ParticleCharge Weight (amu) Proton (p) +1 Electron (e) -~0 Neutron (n) 01

Atomic Structure

Atomic Number = Number of Protons

Elements Iron Carbon Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O)46.3 %29.5% Silicon (Si)28.2%15.2% Aluminum (Al)8.2%1.1% Iron (Fe)5.6%34.6% Calcium (Ca)4.1%1.1% Sodium (Na)2.4%0.6% Potassium (K)2.1%0.1% Magnesium (Mg)2.3%12.7% All others0.5%5.1% Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth

Abundance of Elements (%): Living Things Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3%

Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons

Isotopes

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds Life, the Universe & Everything

Bonding forms Compounds

Minerals

Carbon is found in all organic compounds Organic Compounds

Why Carbon? Small and Abundant 4th most abundant element in the Solar System Bonds with a lot of different atoms Forms lots of different organic compounds Forms long chains (polymers) Forms very strong bonds Hard to destroy Bonds “store” a lot of energy

Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage 2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure

Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 3.Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information

Energy: Types Sun - September 12, 2005 Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Potential Chemical

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Energy: Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

Energy: Units Joule (J) = Energy needed to lift 1 kg weight by 0.1 meter (about the energy to lift an apple over your head) calorie (cal) = Energy needed to heat 1 g water by 1°C (Note” Calories (Cal) in food are equal to 1000 calories (cal) 1 calorie = 4.2 joules (1 Calorie = 4200 joules)

Power Rate of energy use Watt (Joule/second) 100 W light bulb uses 100 joules of energy each second (200 Calorie candy bar would light bulb for 140 minutes)

3 Fundamental Laws of Nature Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy)

3 Fundamental Laws of Nature “You can’t thrown anything away” “You can’t get something for nothing” “In fact, you can’t even break even”