CONTROLLING THE DENSIFICATION BEHAVIOR OF NANO MICROSTRUCTURES TO MEET DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS By : Saied Darwish & M. A. E. Saleh King Saud University.

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CONTROLLING THE DENSIFICATION BEHAVIOR OF NANO MICROSTRUCTURES TO MEET DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS By : Saied Darwish & M. A. E. Saleh King Saud University College of Engineering - Industrial Engineering Department Riyadh – Saudi Arabia

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference2. Morphologies of nano-particles. Remarkable properties of Nanoparticles. Remarkable properties of Nanoparticles. Nanoparticles functionalisation. Nanoparticles applications. Sintering Nanoparticles. Nanoparticles production methods Agenda :

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference3 Definition of Nanoparticles Despite the fact that a unique definition does not exist for Nanoparticles, they are usually referred to as particles with a size up to 100 nm. Despite the fact that a unique definition does not exist for Nanoparticles, they are usually referred to as particles with a size up to 100 nm. Nanoparticles exhibit completely new or improved properties based on specific characteristics (size, distribution, morphology, phase, etc.)Nanoparticles exhibit completely new or improved properties based on specific characteristics (size, distribution, morphology, phase, etc.), Nanoparticles can be made of a wide range of materials, the most common being metal oxides, ceramics, metals, silicates and non- oxide ceramics, polymer materials or compound semiconductorsNanoparticles can be made of a wide range of materials, the most common being metal oxides, ceramics, metals, silicates and non- oxide ceramics, polymer materials or compound semiconductors

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference4 Nano Particle Size Shape Nanopowders are : Assemblage of Nanoparticles with various CHARACTERISTICS Strength Nano Powder Size distribution Shape distribution tap density Friction Cohesion Anisotropy Strength distribution

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference5 Morphologies of nano-particles: Nanoparticles present several different morphologies (flakes, spheres, dendritic shapes, etc.). While metal and metal oxide Nanoparticles in use are typically spherical, silicate Nanoparticles have flaky shapes with two of their dimensions in the range of nm. They are generally designed and manufactured with physical properties tailored to meet the needs of the specific application they are going to be used for.

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference6

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference7

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference8 Remarkable properties of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles exhibit completely new or improved properties based on specific characteristics (size, distribution, morphology, phase, etc.), if compared with larger particles of the bulk material they are made of.

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference9 Nanoparticles functionalisation After Nanoparticles are produced and purified to a satisfactory level it can be necessary to functionalize them. This is an intermediate process that prepares them to be used for certain applications. Nanoparticles can be functionalized in many different ways. Most commonly used functionalisation methods include : coating. chemical modification of Nanoparticles. Functionalisation is an extra step that will add cost to the total production chain but can have such marked effects that in some cases it is necessary to use.

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference10 Power/Energy Dye-sensitized solar cells (e.g. using TiO2) Hydrogen storage (e.g. using metal hydrides) Improved anode and cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells Thermal control fluids (e.g. using Cu) Environmental catalysts (e.g. ceria as diesel additive to improve combustion efficiency) Automotive catalytic converters Nanoparticles applications

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference11

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference12 Healthcare / medical Healthcare / medical Targeted drug delivery. Alternative drug and vaccine delivery mechanisms (e.g. inhalation, oral in place of injection). Bone growth promoters. Cancer treatments. Biocompatible coatings for implants.

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference13 Engineering Engineering Cutting tool bits (e.g. WC, TaC, TiC, Co). Spark plugs (e.g. using nanoscale metal and ceramic powders). Chemical sensors. Molecular sieves. Wear-resistant / abrasion-resistant coatings. Nanoclay-reinforced polymer composites.

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference14 Environmental Water treatment (photo-catalyst treatments, e.g. using TiO2) Self-cleaning glass (e.g. using TiO2 based nanostructure coatings) Anti-reflection Electronics Nanoscale magnetic particles for high-density data storage EMI shielding using conducting and magnetic materials Electronic circuits (e.g. using Cu, Al) Display technologies including field-emission devices (e.g. using conducting oxides) Ferro-fluids (e.g. using magnetic materials) Optoelectronics devices such as switches (e.g. using rare-earth- doped ceramics) Conductive coatings and fabrics (e.g. using rare-earth-doped ceramics)

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference15 Nanoparticles production methods

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference16

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference17 Bulk consolidation of nano particles Closed die compaction Orthoptropic compaction Cold isostatic compaction Hot isostatic compaction

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference18 COMPACTION: Closed die Rearrangement Sliding Rotation Deformation Fracture Densification Mechanisms:

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference19 Biaxial compaction device Fixed

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference20 Orthotropic compaction device Fixed

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference21 Isocratic pressing Isostatic pressing: (a) ‘dry bag’ and (b) ‘wet bag’ method [After Bortzmeyer, 1995]

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference22

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference23 Laser Ablation of Micro particles In the LAM process, a high-energy laser pulse hits a micro particle (typically 2-20 mue dia.), initiating breakdown and shock- wave formation. As the shock passes through the micro particle, it converts a high percentage of the mass to Nanoparticles (<100 nm dia).

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference24

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference25 Sintering Nanoparticles

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference26 Conventional sintering usually requires holding the compacted ceramic bodies at the sintering temperature for a period of time as long as a few hours. The long time processing at high temperature could result in substantial coarsening and grain growth. The microwave sintering technique could be a unique approach to achieving densification of nano- phase materials.. Microwave sintering

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference27

11-12/2/2008 Knowledge based industries & Nanotechnolgy conference28 Conclusions The present paper aims to accelerate the participation of the Arab world in manufacturing nano microstructures through directing densification process of commercial nano-particles to control characterization and application of nano microstructures, in order to suit different applications.

References 1.ROADMAPS AT 2015 ON NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN THE SECTORS OF:MATERIALS, HEALTH & MEDICAL SYSTEMS, ENERG, A Industrial Materials of the Future Programby the Office of Industrial Technology of the US Department of Energy, S. Shima, M. A. E. Saleh and N. Hirata, “ Evolution of Structural anisotropy in Powders During Compaction.” Advanced Tech. Of Plasticity, Proceedings of the 3rd. Int. Conf. On Tech. Of Plasticity, Kyoto, July 1/6, Vol II (1990)., pp S. Shima and M. A. E. Saleh, “ Development of Constitutive Equations for Granular Materials with induced anisotropy during compaction process”, Advances in micromechanics of granular materials, Proc. Of 2nd Us/Japan Seminar On Micromechanics Of granular materials.” Potsdam, NY, USA, Aug. 5-9, (1992) pp S. Shima and M. A. E. Saleh, “ Compaction Induced Anisotropy in Internal Structure of Ceramic Powder.” J. of American Ceramic Soc., Vol 76, No. 5, (1993) pp S. Shima and M. A. E. Saleh, “ Development of Constitutive Equations for Ceramic Powders Describing Compaction-Induced anisotropy.”, Mech. Of Materials 16 (1993) pp S. Shima and M. A. E. Saleh, “Effect of Particle Characteristics on Compaction Behavior of Powders-Experiment.”, Proc. Of 1993 powder Metall. World congress, Japan Soc. Of Powders and Powder Metallurgy. 8.M. A. E. Saleh,” Deformation Behavior Of Metal Powders At Advanced Compaction Stage.”Journal of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol., 32, No., 2, July 2004.