Biochemistry

Carbon Compounds Organic compounds - compounds made primarily of carbon atoms Carbon atoms are important because: they have four valence electrons they can bond with other carbon atoms to form straight chains, branched chains, or rings

Functional groups - clusters of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecule

Monomers - small, simple molecule Polymers - molecules that consist of repeated, linked units Macromolecule - large polymers

Condensation Reaction Each time a monomer is added to another monomer or polymer, a water molecule is released Glucose + fructose ---> sucrose + water

Hydrolysis Reaction Each time a polymer is broken down into smaller molecules, a water molecule is added Sucrose + water ---> glucose + fructose

ATP Adenosine triphosphate - the molecule that cells use to store energy ADP + P + energy ---> ATP ATP ---> ADP + P + energy

Molecules of Life Carbohydrates - organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1) - used as a source of energy or as structural materials

Monomer - monosaccharide (simple sugar) - glucose (energy for cells), fructose (in fruits; sweetest), galactose (in milk) - are isomers - same formula, different structure

Larger carbohydrate molecules - disaccharide - double sugar (two monomers) - polysaccharide - complex sugar (three or more monomers) - animals store glucose as glycogen - plants store glucose as starch - cellulose (plants) is main component of cell walls

Proteins - organic compounds composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Monomer - amino acids (20) -have functional groups (carboxyl group, amino group, R group)

dipeptide - two amino acids bonded together polypeptide -long chain of amino acids protein - made of one or more polypeptides enzymes - act as catalysts specific relationship to substrate specific as to environment

Lipids - large organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments - store more energy per gram than other organic compounds

Fatty acids - unbranched carbon chains - one end is hydrophobic (nonpolar) - one end is hydrophilic (polar) - saturated (each carbon bonded to four atoms; all single bonds) - unsaturated (each carbon not bonded to four atoms; contains a double or triple bond)

Triglycerides - three fatty acids joined to glycerol - saturated - butter and fats in red meat - unsaturated - plant seeds Phospholipids - two fatty acids joined to glycerol - cell membrane

Wax - long fatty acid chain joined to long alcohol chain - form protective layers in plants and animals Steroids - four fused carbon rings with functional groups - hormones, cholesterol

Nucleic acids - large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer information in the cell - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - RNA (ribonucleic acid)