The Societal Value of Soil Carbon Sequestration Rattan Lal Director, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

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Presentation transcript:

The Societal Value of Soil Carbon Sequestration Rattan Lal Director, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Global Climate Change ∆T over the 20th century………… °C Rate of ∆T increase since 1950……+0.17°C/decade Sea level rise over 20th century… m Change in precipitation………… %/decade Extreme events…………………….+2-4% ………..IPCC (2001)

Atmospheric Concentration of Trace Gases Between 1750 and 1999 IPCC (2001)

Global Carbon Budget IPCC (2001)

How Much C is in Soil? (i) Soil organic C = 1550 Pg Soil inorganic C = 750 Pg Total= 2300 Pg (ii) Atmosphere= 720 Pg (iii) Biota= 560 Pg (iv) Ocean= 38,000 Pg SOC pool = Mg/ha

Soil vs. Atmospheric C 1 Pg (billion tonnes) of soil C = 0.47 ppm of CO 2

Mean Residence Time of C in Different Pools The average atom of C spends about: 5 yrs in the atmosphere, 10 yrs in vegetation (including trees), 35 yrs in soil, and 100 yrs in the sea. Residence time = pool / flux The residence time is longer in soils of high latitude.

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Depressed oxidation of CH 4 C burial Effects of Soil Erosion and Redistribution on Trace Gases Emissions. CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O C burial DOC CH 4 N 2 O Erosion Redistribution Depression

Soil erosion and C emission

1.14 x g/yr decomposition and emission to the atmosphere 3.99 x g/yr stored within the terrestrial ecosystem 0.57 x g/yr transported to the ocean 5.7 x g/yr C displaced due to erosion 1500 x C in world soil C sequestratio n Global soil erosion and dynamics of soil organic carbon (Lal, 1995).

Historic Soil C Loss World soils…… Pg U.S. soils……….. 5 Pg Recoverable C… % Time horizon……25-50 yrs

The magnitude of soil C loss Mg/ha Agricultural soils now contain lower SOC pool than their potential, and thus have a C sink capacity.

Anthropogenic emissions ( ) 1. Fossil fuel: Pg 2. Land use change: Pg Soil:

Soils and Global Warming Can we use soils and vegetation for scrubbing a dirty atmosphere?

Carbon Sequestration It is the net removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere into the long-lived pools of C such as vegetation and soil by biotic and abiotic processes.

A New Definition of Agriculture It is an anthropogenic manipulation of carbon through: uptake, fixation, emission and transfer. C U + C F = C E + C T

How to Increase Soil C A.Increase (i)density of C in the soil (ii)depth of C in the profile B.Decrease (i)decomposition of C (ii)losses due to erosion

Increasing Density of C in Soil PlowNo till Residue removedResidue return Bare fallowCover crops Low inputJudicious input (precision farming, IPM) No water controlWater conservation and supplemental irrigation Fence to fence croppingForestation/vegetation on marginal lands/CRP

Disposition of Organic Residues CO % 3-8% 10-30% Biomass (soil organisms) Nonhumic compounds (polyuronides, acids, etc.) Complex humic compounds Humus 10-35% Organic residues 100 grams

Mulch Rate and SOC Content in Ohio No till: SOC (Mg ha -1 ) = MR = 0.68 Plow till: SOC (Mg ha -1 ) = MR = 0.72

Cover Crop and SOC Pool in a Miamian Soil in Ohio TreatmentSOC (0-30 cm) Kg/m 3 Relative SOC (5 yr) Continuous corn Corn-soybean Continuous soybean Corn-soybean-wheat Alfalfa Birdsfoot trefoil White clover Kentucky blue grass Tall fescue Smooth bromegrass Fallow Lal (1998)

SOC pool in 0-30 cm depth over a 60-year period at Coshocton, OH (Hao, Lal, Owen, 2002)

Biofuel vs. Fossil Fuel 1 gallon of biofuel = 0.5 gallon of oil/diesel saving

Global Cooling Potential GCP = (GWP) -1 Conservation tillage Cover crops Nutrient management Soil restoration CRP/WRP Land use and afforestation Kg C/ha/y

Land Use and Soil C Sequestration in the U.S.

U.S. Emissions and Soil C Sequestration Total U.S. gas emissions……………….1500 MMTC/yr Emission from agricultural activities…133 MMTC/yr Net soil C sequestration potential……..332 MMTC/yr

Agricultural Soils and Mitigation of GHE 1 bbl of diesel = 220 L 1 L of diesel = 0.73 Kg C  1 ton of C = 1370 L of diesel = 6.2 bbl of diesel C sequestration potential of ag soils = 2 billion barrels/yr

Potential of Global Soil C Sequestration 1-2 Pg C/yr or 24% of the total emissions by fossil fuel combustion.

Is Soil C Sequestration A Free Lunch? Not really! Additional N, P, S etc. are needed for humification of residue C. There are hidden C costs of RMPs.

Building Blocks of Humus C is only one of several constituents of humus. Other constituents are H, O, N, P, S and micronutrients.

Nutrients Needed for Humification How much N, P and S are needed to convert residue into humus? How to adjust fertilizer use for desired productivity and converting residue into humus?

Elemental Composition of Humus and Crop Residues RatioHumusCrop Residue C:N C:P C:S

Additional Nutrients Required to Convert 10,000kg of Carbon into Humus NutrientQuantity needed (kg) NPSNPS

Energy-based Input and C Sequestration 1. What is the carbon budget in relation to: (i) Fertilizer use (ii) Manure application (iii) Tillage practices (iv) Irrigation (v) Liming of acid soils 2.C sequestration occurs only if output > input.

Hidden C costs of tillage methods

Hidden C cost of fertilizers

Hidden C cost of pesticides

Hidden C cost of irrigation

Farming Carbon 1.Commodification of C (price) 2.Incentives

Societal Value of Carbon Nutrients and H 2 O contained in 1 kg of humus = $0.2  Rational price = $200/ton

Undervaluing a Commodity Undervaluing carbon has and will perpetuate its misuse.

Time after conversion (yrs) Cumulative C sequestration (M/ha)

Economics of C Sequestration 1.Assessing economics of C by itself is not adequate. 2.Evaluate the entire package of benefits: (i) To the farmer (ii) To the society

Can soil C sequestration mitigate the greenhouse effect?

Dependency on Carbon Modern civilization is hooked on carbon. It needs rehabilitation, in a big way.

Role of soil and biomass C in global C management. Source: The Global Energy Technology Strategy, Battelle, Washington, D.C., 1998

Soil C Sequestration It is a:Development challenge in the tropics and sub-tropics. Policy reform and implementation challenge in developed countries.

A Bridge to the Future C sequestration in soil and vegetation is a bridge to the future. It buys us time while alternatives to fossil fuel take effect. It is a good thing to do, regardless of what happens to the climate. It is truly a win-win strategy.