Reproduction & Spawning Reproductive strategies Sex determination

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Reproductive strategies for Survival

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Presentation transcript:

Reproduction & Spawning Reproductive strategies Sex determination Spawning behaviors

Reproductive strategies No general evolutionary trend from primitive to advanced groups All strategies are valid and evolutionary adaptive

Reproductive strategies-1 Nonguarders (of eggs and young) Open Substrate Spawners Pelagic Scatterers (pelagic spawners) Pair spawners and Group spawners This is the most common marine fish strategy Pelagic fishes and even benthic fishes rise up into water to spawn (spawning rush) The placement of spawning is not necessarily haphazard; Eggs tend to be very small, numerous, and very high offspring mortality Benthic Scatterers Common in many freshwater species Lay sticky eggs on the substrate

Reproductive strategies-2 No general evolutionary trend from primitive to advanced groups Nonguarders (of eggs and young) Brood Hiders Gravel diggers Salmon, Lampreys Cave spawners Channel catfish Beach spawners Grunion, capelin Annual Cyprinodonts - Certain pupfish

Reproductive strategies-3 Guarders (protect eggs and/or larvae) Fan eggs, remove dead eggs Guarding commonly done by males 20% of fishes are guarders Substratum choosers (just clean substratum) Damselfishes, gobies, blennies, cichlids… Nest Spawners cavity diggers (centrarchids) tubular nest (sticklebacks) bubble nest (gouramies) mound builders (cichlids) pre-existing cavities or structures

Reproductive strategies-4 Bearers (carry eggs and/or young) External bearers Transfer bearers (Cichlids) Mouth brooders (Jawfishes, Apogonids) Skin brooders (Cichlids, pipefishes, seahorses) Internal bearers Oviparous (sharks and rays) Ovoviviparous (sharks, Coelacanth, rockfishes) Viviparous (surfperches, poeciliids, sharks)

Mating scars on female blue shark

Kajiura et al. 2000

Sexual determination Gonochorism (separate sexes: ♂ or ♀) Hermaphroditism Simultaneous (fish with ♂ and ♀ gonads) Protogynous (first ♀, then ♂) Protandrous (first ♂, then ♀) Unisexuality Parthenogenetic fishes

Livebearers female Poecillidae male

Parthenogenetic fish Poecillidae Amazon molly Poecilia formosa Poecilia latipinna