DNA Technology I.Cloning A.Gene cloning B.Whole organism cloning II.DNA microarrays III.DNA profiling IV.Human Genome project V.GMOs

I. Cloning A. Gene cloning Uses: gene therapy, gmo’s, gene analysis, human proteins

Human proteins Pharm animals

Gene Therapy SCIDs

Gene Therapy egg sperm Germ line gene therapy Adult cell gene therapy zygote Genes transferred

B. Whole Organism Cloning

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Natural clones

II. DNA microarrays

III. DNA profiling

A. Methodology 1/1.8 quadrillion - + restriction enzymes non-coding segments SNPs

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Applications of DNA profiling establishing paternity CSI

establishing identity: the Romanov mystery

The Romanov Mystery

establishing ancestry wine grape ancestry

Jefferson and Hemings Why Y?

African ancestry "The greatest travesty for African-Americans is not the diseases we suffer, not the sickle-cell and high blood pressure, nor is it the social injustices we have to face, it is that we are disconnected from our beginnings." Bruce Jackson, director of the biotechnology and DNA forensics programs at Massachusetts Bay Community College.

Human evolution Evidence for Out of Africa: genetic diversity in Africa Linguistic data Two theories of modern human origins 1. Out of Africa 2. Multiregional Genetic data Fossil data Homo erectus human diversity tracing back with DNA fingerprinting Homo sapiens Evidence for Multiregional: Fossil data

The out of Africa theory Adam and Eve: the out of Africa theory mitochondrial DNA Y chromosome comparisons

IV. The Human Genome Project

goals

Of the 2 meters of DNA in the nucleus of a human cell, only 2.5 centimeters consists of genes (approximately 1-2% of our genome; previous estimates put this at 3-5%) We have roughly 20, 000 genes (about 1/5 of what was previously thought) We have only 300 genes that are significantly different from mice Much of the 99% of our non-coding DNA consists of a graveyard of old genes, duplicate genes, and random repeats There is little variation between ‘races’ of people. No genes were found that could predict which ‘race’ a person belonged to. Genes cluster together in oases separated by long stretches of desert Immune system genes appear to have been modified from viruses and other human pathogens Many genes code for multiple proteins (some up to 1000) Mutation rate in sperm twice that in eggs (sperm are main source of mutations) Major findings of HGP

Genome Comparisons Importance of mouse genome 98.7% homology

V. GMOs (genetically modified organisms)

GMO applications

Nitrogen Legumes Rhizobium nitrogenase N2N2 Pollution Nitrogen fixation

Brave New World?

The end