Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mitochondria Figure 3.17a, b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism  Anabolism  Catabolism  Oxidative breakdown – nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions  Whenever one substance is oxidized, another substance is reduced  Oxidized substances lose energy  Reduced substances gain energy  Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors  Two important coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrate Metabolism  Oxidation of glucose  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO ATP + heat  Glucose is catabolized in three pathways  Glycolysis  Krebs cycle  The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrate Catabolism Figure 24.5

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure Glucose 4 ADP 2 NAD + 2 Lactic acid NADH+H + 2 Pyruvic acid Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and formation of ATP Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate O2O2 Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ATP P PP P PiPi PiPi To Krebs cycle (aerobic pathway) ATP Krebs cycle O2O2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure 24.6 Glucose Phase 1 Sugar activation Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP PiPi ATP Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure 24.6 Glucose Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP PP PiPi ATP Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure 24.6 Glucose Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP P PP P PiPi ATP Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure Glucose 2 NAD + NADH+H + Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and formation of ATP Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP P PP P PiPi PiPi ATP Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure Glucose 4 ADP 2 NAD + NADH+H + 2 Pyruvic acid Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and formation of ATP Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ATP P PP P PiPi PiPi ATP Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure Glucose 4 ADP 2 NAD + NADH+H + 2 Pyruvic acid Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and formation of ATP Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate O2O2 Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ATP P PP P PiPi PiPi To Krebs cycle (aerobic pathway) ATP Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis Figure Glucose 4 ADP 2 NAD + 2 Lactic acid NADH+H + 2 Pyruvic acid Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and formation of ATP Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate O2O2 Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ATP P PP P PiPi PiPi To Krebs cycle (aerobic pathway) ATP Krebs cycle O2O2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis:  The final products are:  Two pyruvic acid molecules  Two NADH + H + molecules (reduced NAD + )  A net gain of two ATP molecules

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + GDP + CO 2 NAD + FAD NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) FADH 2 NADH+H + Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid Malic acid Fumaric acid Succinic acid Succinyl-CoA GTP ADP PiPi = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA ATP Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NAD + NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Krebs Cycle  An eight-step cycle in which each acetic acid is decarboxylated and oxidized, generating:  Three molecules of NADH + H +  One molecule of FADH 2  Two molecules of CO 2  One molecule of ATP  For each molecule of glucose entering glycolysis, two molecules of acetyl CoA enter the Krebs cycle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + CO 2 NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + CO 2 NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA Krebs cycle ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + CO 2 NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA Krebs cycle Isocitric acid ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + CO 2 NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + CO 2 NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid Succinyl-CoA = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NAD + NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + GDP + CO 2 NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid Succinic acid Succinyl-CoA GTP ADP PiPi = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA ATP Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NAD + NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + GDP + CO 2 FAD NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) FADH 2 Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid Fumaric acid Succinic acid Succinyl-CoA GTP ADP PiPi = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA ATP Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NAD + NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + GDP + CO 2 FAD NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) FADH 2 Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid Malic acid Fumaric acid Succinic acid Succinyl-CoA GTP ADP PiPi = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA ATP Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NAD + NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.7 NAD + GDP + CO 2 NAD + FAD NADH+H + Cytosol Mitochondrion (fluid matrix) FADH 2 NADH+H + Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Oxaloacetic acid Malic acid Fumaric acid Succinic acid Succinyl-CoA GTP ADP PiPi = Carbon atom Key: = Inorganic phosphate = Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle PiPi CoA ATP Krebs cycle NAD + CO 2 NAD + NADH+H + Isocitric acid  -Ketoglutaric acid CoA ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electron Transport Chain  Food (glucose) is oxidized and the released hydrogens:  Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH 2  Enter a chain of proteins bound to metal atoms (cofactors)  Combine with molecular oxygen to form water  Release energy  The energy released is harnessed to attach inorganic phosphate groups (P i ) to ADP, making ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport ChainATP Synthase Core ADP + Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix ATP PiPi H+H+ 2H+H+ + H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O2O2 H2OH2O Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport ChainATP Synthase Core ADP + Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix ATP PiPi H+H+ 2H+H+ + H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O2O2 H2OH2O Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport Chain Core Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix H+H+ Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle NADH + H + NAD + (carrying from food) e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport Chain Core Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix H+H+ H+H+ Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e- NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport Chain Core Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e- NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport ChainATP Synthase Core Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e- NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport ChainATP Synthase Core ADP + Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix ATP PiPi H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e- NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport ChainATP Synthase Core ADP + Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix ATP PiPi H+H+ 2H+H+ + H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O2O2 H2OH2O Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electronic Energy Gradient  The transfer of energy from NADH + H + and FADH 2 to oxygen releases large amounts of energy  This energy is released in a stepwise manner through the electron transport chain

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.9

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation  Electrons are delivered to oxygen, forming oxygen ions  Oxygen ions attract H + to form water  H + pumped to the intermembrane space:  Diffuses back to the matrix via ATP synthase  Releases energy to make ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanisms of ATP Synthesis: Oxidative Phosphorylation Figure 24.4b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ATP Synthase  The enzyme consists of three parts: a rotor, a knob, and a rod  Current created by H + causes the rotor and rod to rotate  This rotation activates catalytic sites in the knob where ADP and P i are combined to make ATP

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of ATP Production Figure 24.11

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.8 Electron Transport ChainATP Synthase Core ADP + Cyt c Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix ATP PiPi H+H+ 2H+H+ + H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O2O2 H2OH2O Glycolysis Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle e NADH + H + NAD + FAD (carrying from food) e- FADH 2 e- ATP 3 2 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fermentation - Anaerobic Figure Glucose 4 ADP 2 NAD + 2 Lactic acid NADH+H + 2 Pyruvic acid Phase 1 Sugar activation Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate Phase 2 Sugar cleavage Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and formation of ATP Key: = Carbon atom = Inorganic phosphate O2O2 Glycolysis Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ATP P PP P PiPi PiPi To Krebs cycle (aerobic pathway) ATP Krebs cycle O2O2