The Happy Marriage of Geographic Information Systems and Information Visualization Ben Shneiderman Founding Director ( ), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (

Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context

Design Issues Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training

U.S. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students

Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Surgeons Researchers Students

NASA Environmental Data Scientists Farmers Land planners Students

Bureau of the Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students

NSF Digital Government Initiative Find what you need Understand what you Find Census, NCHS, BLS, EIA, NASS, SSA

International Children’s Digital Libary

Zooming User Interfaces

ZUI: Pocket PhotoMesa

PhotoMesa

South Africa’s Fire Early Warning System Direct Broadcast Receiving Station Satellite Application Centre (SAC) South Africa Advanced Fire Information System (AFIS) wamis.co.za University of Maryland Web Fire Mapper maps.geog.umd.edu Rapid Response System SMS/Text messages ESKOM Disaster Management Unit Weather Service Forest Department Alerts End users Diane Davies & Suresh Kumar, UMD - GEOG

MODIS Image Fire Archive Distance Calculator Identify layer attributes Print maps Scale Pan and Zoom Overview Maps Slimmed down for dialup Advanced Fire Information System (AFIS)

Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci ( )

Using Vision to Think Visual bandwidth is enormous Human perceptual skills are remarkable Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... Color, size, shape, proximity... Human image storage is fast and vast Opportunities Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments

Information Visualization: Definition Compact graphical presentation AND user interface for manipulating large numbers of items ( ), possibly extracted from far larger datasets. Enables users to make discoveries, decisions, or explanations about patterns (trend, cluster, gap, outlier...), groups of items, or individual items.

Information Visualization: US Research Centers Xerox PARC 3-D cone trees, perspective wall, spiral calendar table lens, hyperbolic trees, document lens Univ. of Maryland dynamic queries, range sliders, starfields, treemaps, timeboxes, zoombars tight coupling, dynamic pruning, lifelines IBM, Microsoft, AT&T Georgia Tech, MIT Media Lab, CMU Univ. of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Calif-Berkeley Pacific Northwest National Labs

Highway Incidents on Baltimore Beltway (Fredikson, Plaisant, North & Shneiderman, 1999)

Large Shared Displays

Information Visualization: Design Guidelines Direct manipulation strategies Visual presentation of query components Visual presentation of results Rapid, incremental and reversible actions Selection by pointing (not typing) Immediate and continuous feedback Reduces errors Encourages exploration

Visualization Toolkits

Information Visualization: Mantra Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand

Information Visualization: Data Types 1-D Linear Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars 2-D Map GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery 3-D World CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture Multi-Dim Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage, Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise Temporal Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams, Project Managers, DataSpiral Tree Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap Network Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees (Online Library of Information Visualization Environments) otal.umd.edu/Olive

Interactive Maps

Dan Carr, Susan Peirson, Statistical Computing & Statistical Graphics Newsletter (Dec. 96) Micromaps

Ymap: Dynamic Queries on Maps

DataMap: (Qing Li and Chris North) Virginia Tech

Dynamic Choropleth Maps - DCMaps William Smith (EPA)

Conditioned Choropleth Maps

GeoVista (Gahegan & MacEachren)

CommonGIS (Andrienko, G. and N.)

Treemap: view large trees with node values + Space filling + Space limited + Color coding + Size coding - Requires learning (Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992) TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap3 (Windows, UMd, 2001)

Treemap: Stock market, clustered by industry

Treemap: Newsmap

Treemap: Product catalogs

Treemap: Daily Production Reports 691 wells grouped by Asset team. Size = barrels of oil produced per day Color = “lost” oil (difference between actual and expected)

PairTrees: Treemap and Choropleth Map US Death rates by disease and state (Mockup)

Hierarchical Clustering Explorer

Information Visualization: Tasks Overview Gain an overview of the entire collection Zoom Zoom in on items of interest Filter Filter out uninteresting items Details-on-demand Select an item or group and get details when needed Relate View relationships among items History Keep a history of actions to support undo, replay, and progressive refinement Extract Allow extraction of sub-collections and of the query parameters

Challenges: GIS & InfoViz Dealing with large volume of data Also problem of missing data, uncertainty Combining visual with textual representations Collaborative exploration Environments for publishing results, sharing knowledge Large shared displays Integrating with data mining Specialized toolkits and development tools Addressing Universal Usability Evaluation: Empirical studies, observations, case studies

AudioMap: Sonification Motivation: improve vision-impaired users’ access to geo-referenced statistical data Approach: interactive sonification Tie spatial sound to areas to create a virtual map Data-to-sound mapping: Piano pitch -> value. Interactions for auditory information seeking Gist (overview): spatial sweeping Navigation: state-by-state exploration Details-on-demand: name & value spoken on request Pilot user study (9 sighted users) Controlled study (48 sighted users) Participant observation (2 blind users)

Challenges: Make a Better World Science & Medicine E-Commerce & Finance Digital Government Agriculture & Environment Transportation & Housing

Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Inspirational Muse For the New Computing MIT Press, 2003

Upcoming Events July th International Conference on Information Visualisation - London January 17-18, 2005 SPIE Visual Data Analysis Symposium San Jose, CA January 27-29, 2005 Asia Pacific Symposium on Information Visualization Sydney, Australia

For More Information Visit the HCIL website for 350 papers & info on videos Conferences & resources: See Chapter 14 on Info Visualization Shneiderman, B. and Plaisant, C., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Fourth Edition (April 2004) Edited Collections: Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B. (1999) Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Bederson, B. and Shneiderman, B. (2003) The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections

For More Information Treemaps HiveGroup: Smartmoney: HCIL Treemap 4.1: Spotfire: TimeSearcher: Hierarchical Clustering Explorer: