Culture as a Normal Distribution 2 4 6 8 1 l U S C u t r e Norms and Values

Culture as a Normal Distribution F r e n c h C u l t u r e 1 2 1 8 6 4 2 Norms and Values

A model of culture Explicit Culture Implicit Culture

About Culture - Human Relationships - Time - Nature Is a dynamic process of solving human problems/dilemmas in the areas of - Human Relationships - Time - Nature

01/ The Car Accident What happens to your friend?

01/ What Right has Your Friend? A. My friend has a definite right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure. B. He has some right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure. C. He has no right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

Universalism普遍主義　　対 Particularism個別主義 Individualism vs Communitarianism Neutral versus Affective Specific versus Diffuse Achievement versus Ascription Sequential versus Synchronic Internal versus External Control 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

01/ Universalism vs Particularism 普遍主義 対 個別主義 Consistency Systems, standards & rules, Uniform procedures Demand clarity Flexibility Pragmatic, Make exceptions “It depends” At ease with ambiguity

01/ Universalismー普遍主義 Friend has no/some right and would not help %

01/ Dilemma Reconciliation ジレンマの調和 Copyright or Right to Copy ?

01/ Dilemma Reconciliation   01/ Dilemma Reconciliation 12-APR 1996 CIBS AMSTELVEEN TEL 0206401151 TO CIBS(The Center for International Business Studies April 12, 1996 ATTN: Dr Fons Trompenaars RE: The Letter of Appreciation Dear Dr Trompenaars; I am very sorry for sending this letter of appreciation to you late We are very pleased to let you know that your book, ‘Riding the Waves of Culture’ has been successfully translated in Korean and it gives us big help for developing our Group’s Globalization. It is our great honor and thank you for letting us have an opportunity to use your masterpiece. Sincerely yours Mr. Kim Cheung Executive Director GLOBAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

01/ Dilemma Reconciliation U P British Publisher = Universal Copyright Korean Organization = Particular Relationship

Particular relationship with organization 01/ Clashing Values Universal Copyright Particular relationship with organization

Particular relationship with organization 01/ Clashing Values Universal Copyright U P Particular relationship with organization

Particular relationship with organization 01/ Clashing Values (1,10) Universal Copyright Sue them and lose money No reconciliation Particular relationship with organization

Particular relationship with organization 01/ Clashing Values Universal Copyright No reconciliation Thank them for stealing! X (10,1) Particular relationship with organization

Particular relationship with organization 01/ Clashing Values Universal Copyright (5,5) Split the difference And irritate both Particular relationship with organization

02/ Individualism 個人主義 versus Communitarianism 共同体主義 a) One said: ‘It is obvious that if one has as much freedom as possible and the maximum opportunity to develop oneself, the quality of one’s life would improve as a result.’ b) Another said: ‘If the individual is continuously taking care of his or her fellows then the quality of life for us all will improve, even if it obstructs individual freedom and individual development.’

02/ Individualism 個人主義の度合い Percentage opting for Individual Freedom %

02/ Dilemma Reconciliation The Individual and the Team Stimulate Team Co-operation Reward Individual performance

02/ Dilemma Reconciliation The Individual and the Team Individual Motivation (1,10) Me, Myself and Withholding Information Team Motivation

02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team Individual Motivation Team Mediocrity Team Motivation

02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team Individual Motivation (5,5) Go for the Small team Team Motivation

02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team (10,10) Reward Teams for Individual Creativity AND Reward Individuals for Team Work Individual Motivation Team Motivation

01/ Co-Opetition 協争 1. Mass-Customization 2. Co-Opetition 3. It is Cool to be Emotional 4. Moments of Truth 5. Practice what you Preach 6. Just In Time Synchronizing Sequences 7. Pushing through the Pull

Universalism versus Particularism Individualism vs Communitarianism Neutral　感情中立主義 　対 Affective　感情表出主義 Specific versus Diffuse Achievement versus Ascription Sequential versus Synchronic Internal versus External Control 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

03/ Neutral 感情中立型 対 Affective 感情表出型 In my society, it is considered unprofessional to express emotions overtly. Please select your position on the statement above: a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Be undecided d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree

03/ 感情中立型の度合い Percentage not expressing emotions overtly %

Universalism versus Particularism Individualism vs Communitarianism Neutral versus Affective Specific　関与特定型 　対 Diffuse　関与融合型　 Achievement versus Ascription Sequential versus Synchronic Internal versus External Control 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型 Public Private

04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型 Public Public Specific Relationship

04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型 Public Private

04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型 No Relationship

04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型 Private Private Diffuse Relationship

04/ Encounter Specific and Diffuse 関与特定型と関与融合型の衝突 Public Private Private Danger Zone

04/ Specificity 関与特定型 A boss asking to paint his house   04/ Specificity　関与特定型 A boss asking to paint his house The colleague argues: You don’t have to paint the house if you don’t feel like it.He is your boss in the company. Outside the company, he has little authority The subordinate argues: Despite the fact that I don’t feel like it, I will paint the house anyway. He is my boss and you cannot ignore it outside your work either. 1

04/ Specificity 関与特定型の度合い Would not paint the house %

Universalism versus Particularism Individualism vs Communitarianism Neutral versus Affective Specific versus Diffuse Achievement 実績主義　対　 Ascription　属性主義 Sequential versus Synchronic Internal versus External Control 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

05/ Achievement 実績主義 対 Ascription 属性主義 What You Do Who You Are STATUS ?

05/ Achievement vs Ascription Family Age Sex Education

05/ Achievement vs Ascription ‘The most important thing in life is to act as really suits you, even if you don’t get things done’

05/ Achievement 実績主義の度合い Percentage not agreeing with acting as really suits you %

06/ Time Orientation 時間傾向 Think of the past, present and future as being in the shape of circles. Please draw three circles representing past, present and future. Arrange these circles in any way you want that best shows how you feel about the relationship of the past, present and the future. You may use different size circles.

06/ Time Orientation 時間軸 Past, Present and Future USA FRA UK ICE SPA JPN

07/ Internal vs External Control a. What happens to me is my own doing. b. Sometimes I feel that I do not have enough control over the direction my life is taking.

07/ 内的コントロール型 What happens to me is my own doing %