Lecture 3: The International System in the 19 th Century April 2, 2010

CLUE Sessions Mondays 7-9 PM Mary Gates Hall 287

The International System, Politics: Balance of power, British supremacy, imperialism Politics: Balance of power, British supremacy, imperialism Economy: free trade, globalization, gold standard Economy: free trade, globalization, gold standard + nationalism

Europe, 1815

Politics Congress of Vienna(1815)  Concert of Europe Congress of Vienna(1815)  Concert of Europe Conservative monarchs sought to hold back liberal and nationalist trends Conservative monarchs sought to hold back liberal and nationalist trends Enshrined balance of power Enshrined balance of power Britain would “flip” to weaker side Britain would “flip” to weaker side British supremacy British supremacy Industry Industry Navy Navy Empire Empire

Economy Free trade Free trade Low tariffs Low tariffs Minimal government intervention Minimal government intervention Driven by manufacturers Driven by manufacturers Globalization Globalization People, goods, capital People, goods, capital Technological advances Technological advances

“For…the middle and upper classes…life offered, at a low cost and with the least trouble, conveniences, comforts and amenities beyond the compass of the richest and most powerful monarchs of other ages. The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep…He could secure forthwith, if he wished, cheap and comfortable means of transit to any country or climate without passport or other formality." “For…the middle and upper classes…life offered, at a low cost and with the least trouble, conveniences, comforts and amenities beyond the compass of the richest and most powerful monarchs of other ages. The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep…He could secure forthwith, if he wished, cheap and comfortable means of transit to any country or climate without passport or other formality." -John Maynard Keynes, 1920

Economy Free trade Free trade Low tariffs Low tariffs Low government intervention Low government intervention Driven by manufacturers Driven by manufacturers Globalization Globalization People, goods, capital People, goods, capital Technological advances Technological advances Gold Standard Gold Standard

Nationalism The belief that one’s nation should have its own state The belief that one’s nation should have its own state Nation: a group with common identity based on language, culture, history, myths, values Nation: a group with common identity based on language, culture, history, myths, values In 19 th century, began to break up empires In 19 th century, began to break up empires

Ethnic Composition of Austria- Hungary, 1910 Ethnicity Percentage German 24 Hungarian 20 Czech 13 Polish 10 Ruthenian [incl. Ukrainian] 8 Romanian 6 Croat 5 Slovak 4 Serb 4 Slovene 3 Italian 3

And then came war.. The 19 th century system R.I.P.