(What has replaced Dursban, diazinon and Orthene?) What’s In the Bottle? (What has replaced Dursban, diazinon and Orthene?) David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc” The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH © April, 2005, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved

Why are we loosing the Carbamates & Organophosphates? Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) continues to review insecticides and miticides. Organophosphates and Carbamates have same mode of action – AchE inhibitors. Dursban and diazinon NOT canceled, just restricted from residential use, still available for golf courses and nurseries. Orthene also “voluntarily” withdrawn – Cygon (=dimethoate), Di-Syston (=disulfoton) and others not being “supported.”

Insecticide LD50s Acephate (Orthene) 980 Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 270 Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) Acephate (Orthene) 980 Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 270 Diazinon 400 Ethoprop (Mocap) 62 Fonofos (Crusade) 18 Isofenphos (Oftanol) 20 Isazofos (Triumph) 40-60 Malathion 1000 Trichlorfon (Dylox/Proxol) 250

Insecticide LD50s Bendiocarb (Turcam) 156 Carbaryl (Sevin) 246 Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) Bendiocarb (Turcam) 156 Carbaryl (Sevin) 246 Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump) Bifenthrin (Talstar) 375 Cyfluthrin (Tempo) 826 Fluvalinate (Mavrik) 282 L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar) 79 Permethrin (Astro) 430

New Insecticide LD50s Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.) >3540 Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant) Spinosads (Conserve) 3783-5000 Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites) Halofenozide (MACH2) 2850 Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt) Fipronil (Chipco Choice) 97 Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption)

New Insecticide LD50s Imidacloprid (Merit) 450 Acetamiprid (TriStar) The Neonicotinoids Imidacloprid (Merit) 450 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Acetamiprid (TriStar) 217 Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Clothianidin (Arena) >5000 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Thiamethoxam (Meridian) 1563 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Dinotefuran (Safari) >2000 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

What are the alternatives? Pyrethroids – broad spectrum insecticides; some with mite suppression; considerable range of activity within group (i.e., they are not all the same!). Neonicotinoids – broad spectrum; some systemic action; often slow action – best used as preventives; not all are the same! Spinosyn – moderately broad spectrum, good on caterpillars, spider mites, some leafminers. Azadirachtin (neem) – moderate spectrum; IGR action. Oils & Soaps – still there!

Pyrethroids Sumithrin [Ortho] Tetramethrin [Ortho] Resmethrin [Spectracide] Cyfluthrin (=Tempo)[Bayer Advanced Lawn & Garden products] Beta-cyfluthrin (=Tempo Ultra) [Bayer] Permethrin (=Astro, Pounce)[Spectracide] Bifenthrin (=Talstar) [Ortho & Scotts products] Deltamethrin [Bonide] Esfenvalerate (=Asana) [Ortho] Lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) [Spectracide]

Pyrethroid LD50s Sumithrin = 10,000 Tetramethrin = 5000 Resmethrin = 2500 Cyfluthrin = 500 Permethrin = 430 Bifenthrin = 375 Deltamethrin = 135 Esfenvalerate = 75 Lambda-cyhalothrin = 56

Bonide Delta Eight – with deltamethrin (=DeltaGard) OVERALL LAWN TREATMENT FOR GRASS AND DICHONDRA LAWNS TO CONTROL Ants, Armyworms (inc. Fall , Yellow-Striped etc.), Bermudagrass Mites, Billbugs (adult), Boxelder Bugs, Centipedes, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Clover Mites, Cockroaches, Crickets, Cutworms, Darkling Ground Beetles, Digger Wasps, Essex Skipper, European Crane Fly Larvae, Field Crickets, Fiery Skipper, Fire Ants, Flea Beetle (in dichondra), Grasshopper, Hyperodes (Turfgrass Weevil), Japanese Beetle (adult), Lawn Moths, Leafhoppers, Adult Mealybugs, Scorpions, Silverfish & Firebrats, Sod Webworms, Sowbugs, Spiders, Spittlebugs, Springtails, Vegetable Weevils (in dichondra)

Bayer Advanced Garden Power-Force Multi-Insect Killer – with cyfluthrin (=Tempo) Ornamentals- Aphids, Bagworms, Boxelder Bugs, Clover Mites, Elm Leaf Beetles, Grasshoppers, Gypsy Moth Larvae, Japanese Beetles (adults), Lacebugs, Leaf-feeding Caterpillars, Leaf-feeding Beetles, Leafhoppers, Mealybugs, Pillbugs, Scales (crawlers only), Spittlebugs, Thrips, Whiteflies Turf – Ants, Armyworms, Bluegrass Billbugs (adults), Chiggers, Chinchbugs, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fire Ants, Fleas, Grasshoppers, Hyperodes Weevils (adults), Japanese Beetles (adults), Mole Crickets, Sod Webworms (lawn moths), Ticks (including deer ticks)

Ortho Rose & Flower Insect Killer - bifenthrin Ornamentals- Aphids, caterpillars, beetles (including Japanese beetles), fungus gnats, lacebugs, leafhoppers, leafminers, leafrollers, mealybugs, spider mites, rose midges, scales (crawlers), spittlebugs, tent caterpillars, thrips, weevils, whiteflies and other garden insects

Ortho Bug-B-Gon Multi-purpose Insect Killer – with esfenvalerate (formerly contained diazinon) On Ornamental Plants Including: Roses,Flowers,Shrubs and Small Trees Aphid, armyworm, balsam woolly adelgid, buckhorn aphid, cabbage looper, cucumber beetle (adults – spotted & striped), cutworm, European pine sawfly, fall webworm, flea beetle, grasshopper, gypsy moth, imported cabbageworm, Japanese beetle, leafhopper, looper, northern pine weevil, pine chafer, pine coreid bug, red pine sawfly, redheaded pine sawfly, saltmarsh caterpillar, spittlebugs, tent caterpillar and whitefly.

Ortho Bug-B-Gon Multi-purpose Insect Killer – with permethrin (formerly contained diazinon) Lawn pests: ants, armyworms, brown dog ticks, chinch bugs, crickets, cutworms, deer ticks, fleas, grasshoppers, Japanese beetle grubs, mole crickets and sod webworms. Tree, shrub, rose and flower pests: aphids, bagworms, cicadas, exposed thrips, fall cankerworms and other listed pests. Nuisance pests (outdoors): ants, clover mites, cluster flies, crickets, earwigs, fleas and other listed pests.

nerve blockers, behavior modifiers (insects stop normal activity) Neonicotinoids nerve blockers, behavior modifiers (insects stop normal activity) Imidacloprid (=Merit) from Bayer (only one registered for homeowner use) Thiamethoxam (=Meridian) for turf from Syngenta (not yet registered), Flagship for ornamentals (recently registered) Clothanidin (=Arena) from Arvesta (registered for professional use in Dec 04) Two to Three under development, not for over-the-counter use - yet

Bayer Advanced Garden Lawn & Garden Tree & Shrub Insect Control – contains imidacloprid (=Merit) Ornamentals - Adelgids, Aphids, Black Vine Weevil Larvae, Roundheaded Borers (including Eucalyptus Longhorned Borers), Flatheaded Borers (including Bronze Birch and Alder Borers) Japanese Beetles (adult), Lacebugs, Leaf Beetles (including Elm, Leaf Beetles and Viburnum Leaf Beetles), Leafhoppers, Leafminers (including Birch Leafminers), Mealybugs Pine Tip Moth Larvae, Psyllids, Royal Palm Bugs, Sawfly Larvae, Scales (including Armored Scale [suppression] and Soft Scale), Thrips, Whiteflies

Bayer Advanced Lawn Season Long Grub Control (imidacloprid = Merit) White Grubs, Mole Crickets

Halofenozide – molting accelerator Insect Growth Regulators Halofenozide – molting accelerator Azadirachtins – exoskeleton inhibitor

Ortho Grub-B-Gon and Scotts GrubEx – contained halofenozide (=MACH2) in 2002, but currently imidacloprid (=Merit); halofenozide now in Hi-Yield Kill-a-Grub Turf White grubs*, armyworms, cutworms and sod webworms * White grubs including larvae of European chafer, northern and southern masked chafer(s), Japanese beetle, oriental beetle, Asiatic garden beetle, May/June beetle, black turfgrass ataenius, green June beetle, annual bluegrass weevil/ hyperodes, billbugs and aphodius beetle.

Label includes: Aphids, bagworms, bean leaf beetles, armyworms, caterpillars, cucumber beetles, cutworms, Japanese beetles, leafhoppers, leaf rollers, gypsy moth larvae, mealybugs, thrips, vine borers, Mexican bean beetles, weevils and whiteflies.

Also available from Gardens Alive!

Organophosphates & Carbamates still available Trichlorfon (=Dylox) – until ? Carbaryl (=Sevin) – until ? Dimethoate (=Cygon) – until existing stocks are sold Disulfoton (=Di-Syston) – until ?

Bayer Advanced Lawn 24-hour Grub Control (trichlorfon = Dylox) Grubs, Mole Crickets, Sod Webworms, Cutworms

Contains permethrin!

How can you tell what works from the label? Look for a California label!

Woody Ornamental Insect and Mite Groups (by damage) Chewing Pests - Foliage Feeders Chewing Pests - Leafminers Chewing Pests - Borers Chewing Pests - Root Feeders Sucking Pests Gall Making Pests Nuisance Pests

Woody Ornamental Insect and Mite Groups (by plant zone) Foliage Feeding Pests chewing, sucking, leafmining, gall makers Stem, Branch & Trunk Pests borers, girdlers, miners, sucking, gall makers Root Feeding Pests chewing, sucking, gall makers Nuisance Pests

Most perennials have one or two species of aphids that may feed on them. The goldenrod aphid (above) feeds on a variety of daisy and composite flowers. The milkweed aphid (right) feeds exclusively on plants in the milkweed family.

Generalized diagram of an aphid life cycle showing a species that alternates asexual and sexual forms along with alternation of hosts.

Plant Bug & Aphid Control (for residential sites) Traditional Diazinon Dursban Sevin Orthene (Professional only) DiSyston Alternates Pyrethroids Soaps & Oils Azadirachtin Imidacloprid X X

Black Vine Weevil Management What’s Lost? Ficam (Turcam) Orthene is on the way out! What are the Alternatives? Merit! (home owner product available, apply to soil, NOT mulch, not for adults!) Pyrethroids for Adults DiSyston (disulfoton) (home owner products available, BVW not named on label, apply to soil!)

Borers Continue – Agrilis species Bronze birch borer

Borers Continue – White Pine Weevil – white pine & SPRUCE

Borer Insecticides Traditional Dursban Lindane DiSyston (disulfoton) Cygon (dimethoate) Orthene injection (Professional only) Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar (Onyx), Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Imidacloprid injection (beetles only!) ??? X X ??

Borer Control Approaches Cultural – Use plants that are not prone to borer attack! Plant health care – plants in good growing conditions can usually repel borer attacks. Avoid Plant Damage – damaged plants are prone to attack. Biological – Usually not effective because they attack after infestation.

Caterpillars – Fall Webworm, Mimosa Webworm, Bagworm

Caterpillar Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Spinosyn Azadirachtin Bt Soaps or Oils X X

Japanese Beetle – Japanese beetle adult skeletonizing leaf Mating cluster of beetles in turf

JB Adult Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Imidacloprid Azadirachtin X X

Lace bug nymphs. Lace bugs that attack deciduous plants overwinter as adults. Those that attack broadleaf evergreens overwinter as eggs. Sassafras lace bug adults. Most lace bug females attach their eggs to leaves with their excrement.

Lace Bug Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Imidacloprid Azadirachtin Soaps or Oils X X

European Pine Sawfly larvae eggs adults

Sawfly Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Spinosyn Azadirachtin Imidacloprid Soaps or Oils X X

Pine tortoise scale mature females on stem. Pine needle scale second instar nymphs and male “pupae” on needles.

Pine needle scale females Pine needle scale females. Note pinkish eggs at end of scale test (shell) and a settled crawler at upper left. Group of pine needle scale settled crawlers (tan) and a couple of fresh crawlers (pinkish) in color.

Scale Control (crawlers) Traditional Diazinon Dursban Sevin Cygon DiSyston (disulfoton) Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Imidacloprid (soft scales) Soaps & Oils X X X ?

Cool-Season Pests – Spruce Spider Mite – inactive most of summer!

Miticides Alternatives Traditional Avid Kelthane Hexygon (eggs & larvae only, spider mites only) Floramite (spider mites only) Sanmite (spider mites only) Conserve Pyrethroids?? Soaps or Oils Traditional Kelthane Morestan Cygon Orthene ? X X X X

Typical group of greenhouse whiteflies – all stages

Whitefly Insecticides Traditional Dursban Diazinon Orthene Alternatives Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro] Spinosyn Azadirachtin Imidacloprid Soaps or Oils X X X

Major Cool-Season Lawn Turfgrass Insect Pests White Grubs Billbugs Chinch Bugs Sod Webworms 9

Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides – Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides Masked Chafer + Japanese Beetle - 1976 – 2003a rate ave range % of tests Insecticide lb.ai . /a. % control # tests below 70% Carbaryl 8.0 70.4 41 13-100 39 (=Sevin) Chlorpyrifos 4.0 54.6 32 0-96 59 (=Dursban) Clothianidin 0.4 97.0 1 97 (=Arena) 0.3 100 Halofenozide 1.5 91.1 63 10-100 13 (=MACH2) 2.0 93.1 36 56-100 6 Imidacloprid 0.3 93.6 78 58-100 6 (= Merit) 0.4 86.3 3 82-89 7 Permethrin 0.26 32.3 7 0-54 100 Trichlorfon 8.0 77.6 91 0-98 19 (=Dylox, Proxol) a Data from ESA publications (1977-2003) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

Northern Masked Chafer Life Cycle “Rescue” Possible Preventive Standard Curative Potential Grub Control Difficulty

Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacy Against MC & JB by Time of Application rate ave % control (#tests) Insecticide lb.ai./a. May June July to Aug 16 to Sept 10 Halofenozide 1.5 88.4 (7) 94.4 (23) 88.3 (20) 89.6 (19) 77.7 (27) (=MACH2) 2.0 Imidachloprid 0.3 69.8 (12) 90.6 (18) 94.5 (23) 94.5 (27) 94.2 (34) (=Merit) 0.4 62.0 (1) 88.0 (1) 89.0 (1) 82.0 (1) --- Clothianidin 0.3 --- --- 100 (1) --- 97.0 (1) (=Arena) 0.4 --- --- 97.0 (1) --- --- Trichlorfon 8.0 --- --- --- 62.2 (5) 77.7 (19) a Data from ESA publications (1977-2003) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

Billbugs!

2000 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test Treatment Rate % Control Diazinon 3.34G 4.36 92 Diazinon 3.2G 4.0 95 Talstar PL 0.2G 0.1 69 Talstar Fert 0.2G 0.1 72 Tempo 0.1G 0.13 67 appl - 16 May; Wooster, OH; read - 5July; 24.7 larvae/sq.ft. check

2001 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test Treatment Rate % Control 0.2 Talstar 0.147G 64 0.1 Talstar 0.086G 43 0.087 Tempo 0.1G 50 0.272 Permethrin 0.25G 32 4.0 Diazinon 3.2G 68 0.4 Merit 0.5G 86 1.5 MACH2 1.5G 36 appl - 24 May (late preventive); Wooster, OH; read - 12July; 17.8 larvae/sq.ft. check

2001 Ohio Hairy Chinch Bug Control #/ft.sq. % Control Treatment Rate 7DAT 7DAT Permethrin 0.5G 0.25 909.5 14 816.8 0.50 23 Permethrin 0.5G 823.6 1.00 22 Permethrin 0.5G 721.7 0.43 32 Permethrin 0.5GF 1058.9 -.- -- Check appl. 30 Aug., Springboro, OH

LC = lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) formulations 2003 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control - Misc % Control Treatment Rate 6DAT 13DAT Merit 75WP 0.3 58 67 62 0.4 78 Merit 75WP 66 0.3 87 Arena 0.5G 71 0.4 86 Arena 0.5G 68 0.4 49 Spinosad G 41 0.4 67 Spinosad NAP 90 0.1 95 Talstar EZ.2G appl. 18 Sept., Pickerington, OH; 592.8 & 377.5 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 6 & 13 DAT LC = lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) formulations

2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Clothianidin (Arena) & Facin (botanical) Treatment Rate % Control 7DAT 28DAT 14DAT Arena 50WP 0.2 95 100 100 0.3 Arena 50WP 97 94 0.2 100 Arena 0.5G 98 96 0.3 100 Arena 0.5G 90 8.5oz/M 99 Facin 85 81 10oz/M 71 Facin 64 98 0.2 100 Talstar EZ.2G appl. 25 Aug., Pickerington, OH; 132.9, 260.4 & 263.1 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 7, 14 & 28 DAT

2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Alternate Products – Spinosad, Azadirachtin, Facin Treatment Rate % Control 7DAT 21DAT 14DAT Spinosad 0.3G 0.4 95 71 65 Spinosad 0.3G 0.6 96 60 34 Azatrol 0.1G 0.05 85 52 71 Azatrol 0.1G 0.1 56 63 71 Facin 8.5oz/M 56 85 87 Facin 10oz/M 58 92 77 Talstar 0.115G 0.2 94 90 100 appl. 22 July, Pickerington, OH; 44.0, 44.0 & 56.9 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 7, 14 & 21 DAT

Turf Caterpillar Controls Insecticide Rate % Control # Tests Organophosphates Diazinon 5.5 94.0 4 Dursban 1.0 98.7 18 Dylox/Proxol 8.0 87.3 4 Orthene 5.0 92.3 4 Carbamates Sevin 4.0 96.8 5 Turcam 2.0 89.7 3

Turf Caterpillar Controls Insecticide Rate % Control # Tests Pyrethroids Astro 0.04 100.0 2 DeltaGard 0.08 94.5 2 Scimitar 0.02 96.8 5 Tempo 0.10 97.6 21 Spinosyn Conserve 0.3 90.1 6

Turf Caterpillar Controls Insecticide Rate % Control # Tests Chloronicotinoid Merit 0.3 48.5 7 Molt Accelerator (growth regulator) MACH2 1.0 86.5 7 Nematodes S. carpocapsae 1.0 bil 89.6 7 H. bact. 0.5 bil 67.0 4

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