Emergence of Genocide in Africa Karana Olivier M.A. Anthropology, NYU M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND.

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Presentation transcript:

Emergence of Genocide in Africa Karana Olivier M.A. Anthropology, NYU M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND

Genocide International Convention for the Prevention of Genocide 1948 Article 1 The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide […] is a crime […] they undertake to prevent and to punish.

Genocide Article 2 Genocide means any of the following acts committed with INTENT to DESTROY, in whole or in part, a NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, `OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH: (a) Killing; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm; (c) Deliberately inflicting living conditions calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Genocide Article 2 Genocide means any of the following acts INTENT DESTROY, NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH:

Genocide Article 3 The following acts shall be punishable: (a) Genocide; (b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; (c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide; (d) Attempt to commit genocide; (e) Complicity in genocide.

Genocide Article 4 Persons committing […] the acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be punished whether they are rulers, public officials or private individuals.

COLD WAR

COLD WAR LEADERS

SUDAN’S RED SOUTH Israeli and Soviet support

RWANDA

Genocide Images

History of Hierarchy & Colonialism Rwanda and Burundi has a class system based on patronage. A hierarchy and vertical mobility. Belgians misinterpret this hierarchy as fixed and decide to favor one particular group.

COLONIAL PERIOD GERMANYBELGIUM

Ethnicity and Politics in Rwanda

KAYIBANDA

RWANDA Important dates  Parmehutu, independence  1971 Hutu Massacre in Burundi

HABYARIMANA

RWANDA Important date  1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda  1993 UNAMIR monitors peace agreement.

KAGAME

ANNAN, DALLAIRE, UNAMIR

RWANDA Important dates  1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda  April-July 1994 Genocide  June – August 1994 Operation turquoise  November 1994 Creation of ICTR

BIZIMUNGU

KAGAME

DARFUR

IMAGES OF CRISIS

ROUGH NEIGHBORHOOD

DARFUR Important dates  1980s Drought  2003 Rebellion  2005 CPA  2006 DPA

DROUGHT

NORTH SOUTH WAR

SLA Abdul Wahid

SLA MINI MINAWI

Justice Equality Movement

Arab-African relations

Changing face of Darfur

What comes next? How would we treat past aggressions? Remember or Forget? Universal Jurisdiction Truth Commissions. ICC Traditional methods - Gacaca

QUESTIONS?