Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

The Scientific Method: A powerful way of “knowing”. Starts with a question or problem, based on observations of the natural world. Propose a hypothesis, a possible answer that presents a reasonable explanation or solution. Make a prediction that tests the hypothesis. Design an experiment to see if the prediction is correct. Example: Problem: The computer cannot connect to the internet. Hypothesis: The cable is faulty. Prediction: If I use the cable from my roommate’s laptop, which is working, I should be able to connect. Experiment: Connect the known good cable and try to connect. (Using a cable that is known to be good and changing just that one thing while keeping the rest the same provides a “control”)

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops Example of negative feed back: blood glucose regulation

A positive feed back mechanism: blood clotting and wound healing

Language of Anatomy: Terms of Orientation & Direction

Body planes

Body Cavities

Serous membranes The pericardium

The Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

The Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

The 11 organ systems - Some structural associations Integumentary - skin Skeletal - bones, cartilage, joints Muscular - skeletal cardiac and smooth Nervous - central & peripheral, voluntary & involuntary Endocrine - glands & hormones Cardiovascular - blood, blood vessels & the heart Lymphatic & Immune - lymph vessels, organs, tissues & cells Respiratory - nasal structures, larynx, airways & lungs Digestive - alimentary canal & accessory organs Urinary - kidneys, ureters & urethra Reproductive - gonads, accessory organs (primary and secondary structures)

The 11 organ systems - Some general functions Integumentary - protection, water regulation, endocrine Skeletal - protection, support, movement Muscular - movement, transportation, heat Nervous - communication & control, rapid to intermediate Endocrine - communication & control, short to long term Cardiovascular - transportation, thermal regulation, defenses, water Lymphatic & Immune - water balance, absorption, immunity Respiratory - gas exchange Digestive - absorption, energy storage & production, filtration Urinary - water & pH balance, blood pressure, toxin removal Reproductive -makin’ babies!

Some main points: Scientific method Hypothesis Theory law Complementarity of structure and function Hierarchy of structural organization Atoms Molecules Compounds Biochemicals Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems (we organize them into distinct 11 systems) Organisms Populations Homeostasis - the balancing act of living systems Negative feedback Positive feedback

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